摘要: 鉛是(shi)(shi)地下水重(zhong)金屬污(wu)染中的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)元(yuan)素, 目前的修復(fu)技(ji)術主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)分為物(wu)(wu)理屏蔽法(fa)、抽(chou)(chou)出(chu)處理法(fa)和(he)原位修復(fu)法(fa)。抽(chou)(chou)出(chu)處理法(fa)包括物(wu)(wu)理、化學和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的方(fang)法(fa), 原位修復(fu)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)目前該領域的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究方(fang)向, 包括滲(shen)透反(fan)應格柵、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)修復(fu)以及動電(dian)處理技(ji)術等(deng)。文(wen)章介紹(shao)了(le)鉛污(wu)染的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)及對(dui)環(huan)境和(he)人體造成的危害, 結合(he)近幾年國內外有(you)關地下水鉛污(wu)染的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)科研(yan)成果(guo), 對(dui)各(ge)種修復(fu)技(ji)術的原理、優缺點(dian)進行了(le)綜(zong)合(he)的述(shu)評, 并對(dui)今后的研(yan)究方(fang)向提出(chu)了(le)一點(dian)建議。

關鍵詞: 地(di)下水(shui); 鉛(qian)污染(ran); 重金屬(shu); 原位修復

半個多(duo)世紀以(yi)(yi)來(lai), 隨著科學技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷發展(zhan), 環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)有毒(du)或(huo)(huo)潛在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有毒(du)化學物(wu), 特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)金(jin)屬, 對人(ren)(ren)類和(he)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)構成了嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅。在這些重(zhong)金(jin)屬中(zhong), 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)尤為(wei)(wei)突出, 毒(du)性相當大(da), 是(shi)(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“五毒(du)”之一(yi)(yi)。作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)有毒(du)重(zhong)金(jin)屬, 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)主(zhu)要來(lai)自于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自然(ran)釋(shi)(shi)放(fang)和(he)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)釋(shi)(shi)放(fang), 又(you)稱(cheng)自然(ran)源和(he)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)源。自然(ran)源是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)火(huo)山爆發、森林火(huo)災等(deng)自然(ran)現(xian)象釋(shi)(shi)放(fang)到環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian); 人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)源則是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)工業和(he)交通(tong)等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)排(pai)放(fang)[1]。其中(zhong), 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)排(pai)放(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)造成當今世界鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原因。例如, 礦(kuang)石的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開采和(he)含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)廢物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持續(xu)排(pai)放(fang)導(dao)致了自然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)嚴重(zhong)負擔過重(zhong)。在美(mei)國, 含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)汽(qi)(qi)油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴露已經(jing)被消除(chu)。而在許多(duo)國家, 汽(qi)(qi)油中(zhong)使用(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)仍然(ran)成為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴露源, 導(dao)致由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)汽(qi)(qi)車尾氣(qi)排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)污(wu)染大(da)量(liang)增加。燃燒含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)汽(qi)(qi)油中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)落在路上或(huo)(huo)路兩(liang)側, 散布于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)、植(zhi)物(wu), 最終(zhong)進(jin)入水(shui)(shui)源。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)可對許多(duo)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)器(qi)官帶來(lai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良影(ying)(ying)響, 特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肺、腎(shen)臟、生殖以(yi)(yi)及心(xin)血(xue)(xue)管系統(tong)。這些影(ying)(ying)響表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)智(zhi)力(li)下降(jiang)、腎(shen)損傷、不(bu)(bu)(bu)育、流產以(yi)(yi)及高(gao)血(xue)(xue)壓, 還(huan)可引起鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)腦病(bing)、腹絞痛、多(duo)性神經(jing)炎、溶(rong)血(xue)(xue)性貧血(xue)(xue)等(deng)[2]。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)污(wu)染治理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu), 由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)對象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同, 發展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法和(he)技術(shu)也多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)。最初(chu), 人(ren)(ren)們大(da)多(duo)只(zhi)關注大(da)氣(qi)和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)污(wu)染問題。然(ran)而, 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)可通(tong)過呼吸(xi)道進(jin)入人(ren)(ren)體(ti), 還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)經(jing)過大(da)氣(qi)沉降(jiang)進(jin)入到土(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong), 由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)和(he)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互作用(yong), 通(tong)過植(zhi)物(wu)吸(xi)收(shou)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)進(jin)入水(shui)(shui)循環(huan)體(ti)系, 經(jing)由食物(wu)鏈最終(zhong)進(jin)入人(ren)(ren)體(ti), 危害(hai)人(ren)(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康。因此(ci), 一(yi)(yi)些治理含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法也逐漸被應用(yong)到處(chu)理含鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)當中(zhong)。本文概述了治理鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)進(jin)展(zhan), 對各(ge)種(zhong)修復方(fang)法進(jin)行了述評。并對今后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方(fang)向(xiang)提出了一(yi)(yi)點建(jian)議。

概括(kuo)(kuo)起(qi)來(lai), 處理含鉛地下水(shui)的方法(fa)主(zhu)(zhu)要分為(wei)物理屏蔽法(fa)、抽出處理法(fa)和原(yuan)位修復(fu)法(fa)。其中原(yuan)位修復(fu)法(fa)是目前該領域的主(zhu)(zhu)要研究方向, 包括(kuo)(kuo)滲透反應格柵、生物修復(fu)以及動電處理技術等。

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