自清洗過濾器淺談精密銑削技術在加工中心的應用技術
來源(yuan)：北京萊金源(yuan)水處理技術有限公司 閱讀：14026 更新時間：2025-09-01 09:40一、機械制(zhi)造業在(zai)整個國民(min)經濟(ji)中占有十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)地(di)位,而其(qi)中金(jin)屬切(qie)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)是(shi)基本而又可(ke)靠的(de)(de)精(jing)密加(jia)工(gong)手段,在(zai)機械、電機、電子(zi)等(deng)各(ge)種現(xian)代產業部門(men)中都起著重(zhong)要的(de)(de)作用。工(gong)具的(de)(de)設計、制(zhi)造和使用自古以(yi)來就很受(shou)重(zhong)視(shi),這里我(wo)們(men)所說的(de)(de)工(gong)具,不(bu)僅僅指(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行機械加(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)機床,我(wo)們(men)更關(guan)心(xin)的(de)(de)是(shi)直接進(jin)(jin)行切(qie)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)刀(dao)具。刀(dao)具是(shi)推動金(jin)屬切(qie)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)技術發展(zhan)的(de)(de)一個極(ji)為活躍而又十分關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)因素,可(ke)以(yi)說切(qie)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)技術發展(zhan)、革新的(de)(de)歷史(shi)就是(shi)刀(dao)具發展(zhan)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)。
二、數控銑加工(gong)常用刀(dao)具(ju)的種類(lei)
數(shu)控銑(xian)加(jia)工(gong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)類很多，為(wei)了(le)(le)適應數(shu)控機床(chuang)高速(su)、高效(xiao)和自動化(hua)(hua)程度(du)高的(de)(de)特點，所用(yong)(yong)(yong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)正朝著標準化(hua)(hua)、通用(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)和模塊化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)方(fang)向發展，主要包(bao)括銑(xian)削刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)和孔加(jia)工(gong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)兩大類。為(wei)了(le)(le)滿足高效(xiao)和特殊(shu)的(de)(de)銑(xian)削要求(qiu)，又(you)發展了(le)(le)各種(zhong)(zhong)特殊(shu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)途的(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)。數(shu)控銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類有(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法，根(gen)據(ju)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)結構可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：①整體(ti)式(shi);②鑲嵌式(shi)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)焊接或(huo)機夾式(shi)連接，機夾式(shi)又(you)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)不轉位和可(ke)轉位兩種(zhong)(zhong);③特殊(shu)型(xing)式(shi)，如復(fu)合式(shi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)，減震式(shi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)等。根(gen)據(ju)制造刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)材料可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：①高速(su)鋼刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju);②硬質合金刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju);③金剛石刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju);④其他材料刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)，如立(li)方(fang)氮化(hua)(hua)硼刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)，陶瓷(ci)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)等。從切削工(gong)藝上(shang)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：平端立(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、圓(yuan)角立(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、球頭刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)和錐度(du)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)等。三、加(jia)工(gong)中心刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)類型(xing)的(de)(de)選擇(ze)
刀(dao)具的(de)選(xuan)擇是在(zai)數控編程的(de)人機(ji)交(jiao)互狀態(tai)下進(jin)行(xing)的(de)。應根據(ju)機(ji)床的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)能力(li)、工(gong)(gong)件(jian)材料的(de)性能、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)序、切(qie)削用量以及(ji)其它(ta)相關(guan)因素正確(que)選(xuan)用刀(dao)具及(ji)刀(dao)柄。刀(dao)具選(xuan)擇總(zong)的(de)原則是：安裝調整方便(bian)，剛(gang)(gang)性好，耐用度和精(jing)度高(gao)。在(zai)滿足加(jia)工(gong)(gong)要求的(de)前(qian)提下，盡量選(xuan)擇較短的(de)刀(dao)柄，以提高(gao)刀(dao)具加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)剛(gang)(gang)性。生產中，被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)零件(jian)的(de)幾何形狀是選(xuan)擇刀(dao)具類型的(de)主(zhu)要依據(ju)。
1)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)削刀(dao)具的(de)選用(yong)(yong)。加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)類零(ling)件時，為了保(bao)證(zheng)刀(dao)具切(qie)削刃(ren)與加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)輪(lun)廓在切(qie)削點相切(qie)，而避免刀(dao)刃(ren)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件輪(lun)廓發生干涉，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)球頭刀(dao)，粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)兩刃(ren)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)，半精(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)精(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)四刃(ren)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao);銑(xian)(xian)(xian)較(jiao)大(da)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時，為了提(ti)高生產效率和(he)提(ti)高加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)粗糙度，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)刀(dao)片(pian)鑲嵌式盤形銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao);銑(xian)(xian)(xian)小平面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)或臺階面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)通用(yong)(yong)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao);銑(xian)(xian)(xian)鍵槽時，為了保(bao)證(zheng)槽的(de)尺寸精(jing)(jing)度、一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)兩刃(ren)鍵槽銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao);
2)孔(kong)加工刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用。數(shu)控機床孔(kong)加工一(yi)般無鉆模，由于鉆頭的(de)(de)剛(gang)性(xing)和(he)切(qie)削(xue)條件(jian)差，保證(zheng)孔(kong)加工的(de)(de)定位精度;精絞(jiao)前可選(xuan)(xuan)用浮動絞(jiao)刀(dao)，絞(jiao)孔(kong)前孔(kong)口要倒角(jiao);鏜(tang)孔(kong)時(shi)應盡量(liang)(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)用對稱的(de)(de)多刃鏜(tang)刀(dao)頭進行切(qie)削(xue)，以平衡鏜(tang)削(xue)振動;盡量(liang)(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)較(jiao)粗(cu)和(he)較(jiao)短的(de)(de)刀(dao)桿，以減少切(qie)削(xue)振動。在經濟(ji)型數(shu)控加工中(zhong)，由于刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)刃磨、測(ce)量(liang)(liang)和(he)更換多為人工手動進行，占用輔(fu)助時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長，因此(ci)，必須合理安排(pai)(pai)刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)列順序。
一(yi)般應(ying)(ying)(ying)遵循以(yi)(yi)下原(yuan)則：①盡(jin)量減少刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)數(shu)量;②一(yi)把刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)裝(zhuang)夾后，應(ying)(ying)(ying)完(wan)成(cheng)其所(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部位(wei);③粗精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)應(ying)(ying)(ying)分開使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，即使是相同尺寸規(gui)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju);④先銑后鉆;⑤先進(jin)(jin)(jin)行曲面精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行二維輪(lun)廓(kuo)精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong);⑥在可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡(jin)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動換刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，以(yi)(yi)提高生(sheng)(sheng)產效率(lv)(lv)等。另外，刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐用(yong)(yong)(yong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和精度(du)(du)(du)(du)與刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)價格關系(xi)極大(da)，必須引起(qi)注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，在大(da)多數(shu)情況下，選(xuan)擇(ze)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)雖然(ran)增(zeng)加(jia)了刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)成(cheng)本，但由此(ci)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量和加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，則可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使整個加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低(di)。總之，根(gen)據被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱處理(li)狀(zhuang)態、切(qie)(qie)削(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)及(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)余量，選(xuan)擇(ze)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，耐用(yong)(yong)(yong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，是充分發揮(hui)數(shu)控(kong)銑床的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產效率(lv)(lv)和獲得滿意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提。3)切(qie)(qie)削(xue)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)是數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)床切(qie)(qie)削(xue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)參(can)數(shu)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據零件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)和表面粗糙度(du)(du)(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求以(yi)(yi)及(ji)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質選(xuan)取。最(zui)大(da)進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)受機(ji)(ji)床剛(gang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)限制。在輪(lun)廓(kuo)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，在接近拐角(jiao)處應(ying)(ying)(ying)適當(dang)(dang)(dang)降(jiang)低(di)進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)量，以(yi)(yi)克服(fu)由于慣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)系(xi)統變(bian)形在輪(lun)廓(kuo)拐角(jiao)處造成(cheng)“超程(cheng)”或“欠(qian)程(cheng)”現象。確定(ding)進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則：1)當(dang)(dang)(dang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要(yao)(yao)(yao)求能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠得到保(bao)證時(shi)(shi)，為提高生(sheng)(sheng)產效率(lv)(lv)，可(ke)(ke)選(xuan)擇(ze)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。2)在切(qie)(qie)斷、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)深孔或用(yong)(yong)(yong)高速(su)(su)鋼刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)，宜選(xuan)擇(ze)較低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。3)當(dang)(dang)(dang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)，表面粗糙度(du)(du)(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求高時(shi)(shi)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)小(xiao)些，4)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)空行程(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，特別是遠距離(li)“回零”時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)該機(ji)(ji)床數(shu)控(kong)系(xi)統給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高進(jin)(jin)(jin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。
4)背吃(chi)刀(dao)量(liang)的(de)確定。在(zai)保(bao)證(zheng)加(jia)工(gong)表面質量(liang)的(de)前提(ti)下(xia)，背吃(chi)刀(dao)量(liang)應據(ju)機床、工(gong)件(jian)(jian)和(he)刀(dao)具的(de)剛度來決定，在(zai)剛度允許的(de)條件(jian)(jian)下(xia)，應盡可(ke)(ke)能使背吃(chi)刀(dao)量(liang)等于工(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)余(yu)量(liang)，這樣可(ke)(ke)以減少(shao)走(zou)刀(dao)次數，提(ti)高生產效率。
四、結束語
北京萊金(jin)源數控(kong)加工中心具有軸向和頸相動力頭(tou)，能(neng)實(shi)現(xian)三(san)個坐標的(de)聯(lian)動。利用極坐標插補(bu)指(zhi)令(ling)和圓(yuan)柱插補(bu)指(zhi)令(ling)進行(xing)了(le)程序優化和開發，并對機床加工工位(wei)重復定位(wei)誤差(cha)進行(xing)了(le)有效(xiao)的(de)補(bu)償，初(chu)步實(shi)現(xian)對回轉體(ti)的(de)側(ce)面(mian)進行(xing)快捷(jie)可靠的(de)精密(mi)銑削加工，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)加工精度和表面(mian)加工質量。
