工業區污水治理路線和政策探討
隨(sui)著城市(shi)建設(she)(she)和(he)經濟建設(she)(she)的(de)不斷(duan)發展(zhan)，工業(ye)(ye)(ye)項目逐步向工業(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)集中(zhong)。 全國各地工業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)的(de)開發數量(liang)和(he)規模不斷(duan)增加，為(wei)了防止工業(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)成為(wei)工業(ye)(ye)(ye) 污(wu)染的(de)重(zhong)災區(qu)(qu)，如何控制其對環(huan)境(jing)所造成的(de)影響是當前關注的(de)焦點，工業(ye)(ye)(ye) 區(qu)(qu)污(wu)水的(de)治理就是其中(zhong)一個重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)組成部分。本文擬以(yi)上海市(shi)為(wei)例(li)，對涉 及工業(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)水治理的(de)一些主(zhu)要(yao)問題(ti)進行分析(xi)和(he)探(tan)討(tao)，并提出相(xiang)關建議。
1 工業(ye)區污水類型及基本處理(li)方式
1.1 產(chan)業類型及(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)污水性(xing)質(zhi)
據調(diao)查，上(shang)海市目前共有經市區兩級政府及政府相關部門(men)批準(zhun)設(she)立的(de)(de) 各類(lei)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)區180 個(ge)，分布于14 個(ge)區縣，涉及的(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)眾多，涵蓋(gai)范圍較廣。 工(gong)(gong)業(ye)區不同(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)行(xing)業(ye)產(chan)生污(wu)(wu)水(shui)所含的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物質和(he)污(wu)(wu)染程(cheng)度有所不同(tong)(tong)。根據 產(chan)生的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)性質，可將工(gong)(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)分為產(chan)生生活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)企業(ye)、產(chan)生一般(ban) 工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)(de)企業(ye)和(he)產(chan)生高濃度工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)(de)企業(ye)。
1.1.1 產生生活污水的產業
這類企業(ye)生產過程中(zhong)基本(ben)不產生工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)，產生的主(zhu)要是生活污水(shui)。 這類企業(ye)包括產品(pin)的設計與開發(fa)業(ye)、計算(suan)機軟(ruan)件業(ye)、家電(dian)(dian)制造(zao)業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)子產 品(pin)組(zu)裝業(ye)、不含印(yin)染等工序的紡織(zhi)、針織(zhi)品(pin)、服(fu)裝生產業(ye)等，主(zhu)要位于上 海中(zhong)心城(cheng)區。
1.1.2 產(chan)生一般工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)產(chan)業(ye)
這(zhe)類(lei)產業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)不使用(yong)大(da)量有(you)毒、有(you)害化(hua)學物質，產生(sheng)的工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢 水(shui)比(bi)較容易處理(li)。例如(ru)：紡織針織品(pin)業(ye)(ye)、食(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、一(yi)(yi)般五(wu)金生(sheng)產加工(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing) 業(ye)(ye)、電(dian)子(zi)及通訊設備制造業(ye)(ye)、輕(qing)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)化(hua)用(yong)品(pin)制造業(ye)(ye)等(deng)。在上海(hai)以這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)工(gong)(gong) 業(ye)(ye)區(qu)居多(duo)，分布于(yu)市郊各區(qu)縣，尤以松江、閔行(xing)(xing)、青浦(pu)、浦(pu)東、嘉定、寶 山等(deng)區(qu)較為集中(zhong)。
1.1.3 產生(sheng)高(gao)濃度廢水的產業
這(zhe)類(lei)產(chan)(chan)業包(bao)括在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中使用了有毒有害化學品和產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的廢水(shui)濃(nong)度(du) 較高或難以(yi)治(zhi)理的行(xing)業，如制革、造紙、電鍍、染料生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、紙漿生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、精細化工、醫藥(yao)原藥(yao)及其中間體的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)行(xing)業等。在上 海這(zhe)類(lei)產(chan)(chan)業主要集中于金山、奉賢等地(di)區。
1.2 不同類型產業(ye)污水(shui)的基本處(chu)理(li)方式
第一(yi)類(lei)產業的污水(shui)基(ji)本只包(bao)括生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)，可采 用與生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)相(xiang)同的處(chu)理(li)方法，也可直接排(pai)入相(xiang)近 的城市(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠。
第二類(lei)產(chan)業的污水(shui)(shui)(shui)可采(cai)用常規的工業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理 工藝(yi)，以生(sheng)化處(chu)理為(wei)主，可自(zi)行處(chu)理，也(ye)可直接(jie)排 入(ru)工業區污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠。
第(di)三類產業(ye)的(de)污水(shui)(shui)污染程度嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)，即使少量污 水(shui)(shui)排(pai)放也會對(dui)環境或后續處理造成較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)危害(hai)， 因此，這一類企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)當自行建設污水(shui)(shui)處理裝(zhuang)置，對(dui) 有毒有害(hai)物(wu)質在車間(jian)出口處進行專(zhuan)門(men)處理，再(zai)接入 企(qi)業(ye)或工業(ye)區的(de)污水(shui)(shui)處理廠。
第二類產業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)數量大和(he)分布(bu)廣，本文僅(jin)以 此類污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)為典(dian)型進行工業區污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治理路(lu)線的探(tan)討。
2 工業區污水治理途徑
一般(ban)來講，工(gong)業(ye)(ye)區污(wu)水治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)有三種途徑：（1）企 業(ye)(ye)預處理(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)接入城市污(wu)水處理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠；（2）企業(ye)(ye)自行處 理(li)(li)(li)(li)；（3 ）排(pai)入工(gong)業(ye)(ye)區污(wu)水處理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠。
2.1 企業預處理后接入城鎮污水處理廠
企業污(wu)水(shui)接入(ru)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠必須符合(he)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu) 水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠的(de)(de)納管(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)。上(shang)海現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)廠納管(guan)標(biao)準(zhun) 有(you)《上(shang)海市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)綜合(he)排放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)》（DB31/199— 1997）中 的(de)(de)三(san)級(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)、上(shang)海市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設委員會《污(wu)水(shui)排入(ru)合(he)流管(guan)道 的(de)(de)水(shui)質標(biao)準(zhun)》（DBJ08 — 904 — 98）。在接入(ru)污(wu)水(shui)管(guan)道 之前(qian)，企業一般(ban)要(yao)對廢水(shui)進(jin)行(xing)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。目(mu)前(qian)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)中 存在的(de)(de)問題是采用了與(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)生化 處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)，僅(jin)降解了污(wu)水(shui)中可生化降解的(de)(de)有(you)機物，難 以生物降解的(de)(de)有(you)機物被轉移到城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠，得 不到有(you)效處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，依靠城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)稀釋(shi)達標(biao)排放(fang)。
2.2 企業自行處(chu)理
工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)量(liang)變化(hua)大、污(wu)染物濃度高、營養 物質(zhi)不(bu)平衡(heng)。單獨一家企(qi)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)可能(neng)長(chang)期(qi)保持污(wu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi) 和(he)水(shui)量(liang)的穩定，也(ye)很難全面(mian)(mian)平衡(heng)滿(man)足生物處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝所 需的各種物質(zhi)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)行(xing)處(chu)理(li)面(mian)(mian)臨(lin)的第二個問(wen)題是建(jian) 設費用(yong)(yong)和(he)運行(xing)費用(yong)(yong)高，設備利用(yong)(yong)率低，由于(yu)缺乏專業(ye)(ye) 人員運行(xing)管理(li)，出水(shui)經(jing)常超標排放。根據(ju)上海(hai)部分(fen)企(qi) 業(ye)(ye)的抽樣調查，82.5% 的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)無(wu)法(fa)做到達標排放。
2.3 工業區建設污(wu)水(shui)處理廠
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)建設污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進行(xing)集(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu) 理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四大優勢：（1）有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)均衡污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)，從(cong) 而提(ti)高(gao)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)率、降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)難度(du)，減少單(dan)(dan)位污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun) 行(xing)成(cheng)本。（2）有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)改良污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)能。各類(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混合后，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物之間(jian)發生(sheng)(sheng)酸堿(jian)中(zhong)和(he)、氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)還原(yuan)、復 分(fen)解(jie)等(deng)(deng)一(yi)系列反應等(deng)(deng)，可(ke)(ke)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)相互調節 pH 值、均衡生(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)所需(xu)營養成(cheng)分(fen)，從(cong)而降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 難度(du)、簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，達(da)到采(cai)(cai)用(yong)常規工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)凈 化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。（3）有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)針對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)特點(dian)進行(xing)合 理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，既降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)本，又滿足工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye) 區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)是專為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)內(nei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)而建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設施，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程充分(fen) 考(kao)慮了(le)區(qu)內(nei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)要(yao)求(qiu) 和(he)標準不(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)地“一(yi)刀(dao)切”。除第一(yi)類(lei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物以及 影響污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)正(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)(you)(you)害物質必須嚴格(ge)按(an)要(yao) 求(qiu)，在(zai)車間(jian)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)口(kou)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)至(zhi)達(da)標排(pai)(pai)放(fang)外，其余均可(ke)(ke)通過(guo) 有(you)(you)(you)(you)針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)或化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學等(deng)(deng)簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后排(pai)(pai)入工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu) 污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)能好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，可(ke)(ke)允許其直接(jie) 排(pai)(pai)入污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)需(xu)要(yao)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。如桃浦(pu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)SBR 處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，承擔工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)內(nei)50 多家(jia) 企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)任務(wu)，這些企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、制藥(yao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei) 主，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)，排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)成(cheng)分(fen)復 雜(za)，難降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機物含(han)量(liang)高(gao)。該污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)對(dui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、制藥(yao)等(deng)(deng) 企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)納標準為(wei)CODCr ≤ 500 mg/L，遠遠高(gao)于(yu)(yu) 前(qian)述兩個納管(guan)標準中(zhong)CODCr ≤ 300 mg/L 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定；對(dui)易 生(sheng)(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)規定接(jie)納限值，目(mu) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)改善污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)，在(zai)提(ti)高(gao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)達(da)標率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，又減少了(le)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本。 （4）利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)提(ti)高(gao)環保(bao)監(jian)管(guan)效(xiao)果(guo)，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)環保(bao)執法成(cheng)本。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)集(ji)中(zhong)建設污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)，可(ke)(ke)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)與企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)合同關(guan)系，由(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)督促企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)達(da)到污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標準；環保(bao)部門通過(guo)對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)最 終實現(xian)對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，保(bao)障(zhang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境質量(liang)，監(jian)管(guan)對(dui)象和(he) 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)都大大下降(jiang)(jiang)。在(zai)當前(qian)環保(bao)執法力(li)量(liang)相對(dui)薄(bo)弱 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)狀況。
3 現行(xing)政策和管理措(cuo)施不利于推進工業區污 水處理廠的建(jian)設
城(cheng)(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)和工(gong)業(ye)區污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)作(zuo)為治理 污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)有效手段，在(zai)水(shui)環境(jing)綜(zong)合整治中發揮著(zhu)同(tong)樣 重要的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。但兩者在(zai)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準、排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)收費(fei)(fei)、運行(xing)費(fei)(fei) 用(yong)、監督管理等方面存在(zai)差異，挫傷了(le)工(gong)業(ye)區建(jian)設(she)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 水(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)的(de)積極(ji)性，同(tong)時導致(zhi)企業(ye)愿將污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)納(na)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng) 鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)，占用(yong)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理的(de)寶(bao)貴資源，削 弱了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)處理生活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)能力和作(zuo)用(yong)。
3.1 污(wu)水排放(fang)標(biao)準的差別
目前，上海絕(jue)大多(duo)數(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)《上海市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)綜合排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)；而企(qi) 業(ye)(ye)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)處理(li)時(shi)，執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，即對工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu) 污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)要求比對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)處理(li)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)要求嚴(yan) 格(ge)，因而工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)不愿建設(she)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。另外，由于 納入城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)更(geng)(geng)為(wei)寬(kuan)松，導(dao)致大多(duo)數(shu)(shu) 企(qi)業(ye)(ye)更(geng)(geng)愿納管，占(zhan)用了處理(li)生活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)資源(yuan)。 隨(sui)著行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)制訂和應用，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)處 理(li)時(shi)將逐步執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。結果是工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui) 廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)嚴(yan)于企(qi)業(ye)(ye)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye) 區(qu)(qu)更(geng)(geng)不愿建設(she)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，而企(qi)業(ye)(ye)更(geng)(geng)愿執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)寬(kuan)松的(de)(de) 排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)或納管標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)處理(li)或將污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)納入城鎮(zhen) 污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，導(dao)致前面提到的(de)(de)眾(zhong)多(duo)問題(ti)。
3.2 排污(wu)收費(fei)的差別
城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠達標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)不收取排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，即使 超標(biao)(biao)(biao)準也(ye)要看進水(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)否(fou)符合設計(ji)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準，只有(you)在 進水(shui)(shui)(shui)超標(biao)(biao)(biao)時才可(ke)征收超標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，因(yin)此對城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui) 廠超標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)一(yi)般很(hen)難(nan)征收超標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，也(ye)難(nan)以處 罰。而工(gong)業區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠即使達標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)，也(ye)要按排(pai)(pai) 污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總量征收排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，超標(biao)(biao)(biao)時再加收超標(biao)(biao)(biao)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，有(you) 些地區(qu)(qu)還(huan)制(zhi)定(ding)了超標(biao)(biao)(biao)處罰的規定(ding)。因(yin)此工(gong)業區(qu)(qu)不愿 建(jian)設污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠。
3.3 運行(xing)費用的差(cha)別
城鎮污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)主要(yao)由政(zheng)府(fu)投資建(jian)設，運行費(fei)(fei)(fei)用 來源于(yu)居民(min)、企(qi)業交納的(de)排水費(fei)(fei)(fei)和政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)補貼。排水 費(fei)(fei)(fei)是政(zheng)策性規(gui)定強制交納的(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用，容易收取，保(bao)障(zhang)了(le) 城鎮污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)的(de)建(jian)設和運行。而工(gong)(gong)業區污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠(chang) 由工(gong)(gong)業區的(de)管理(li)部(bu)門投資建(jian)設，運行費(fei)(fei)(fei)主要(yao)來源于(yu)企(qi) 業與污(wu)水廠(chang)簽訂的(de)污(wu)水委托(tuo)處(chu)理(li)協(xie)議收費(fei)(fei)(fei)，收費(fei)(fei)(fei)難度 相對(dui)較高(gao)，運行費(fei)(fei)(fei)保(bao)障(zhang)程度有限；同時，工(gong)(gong)業區污(wu)水 廠(chang)無法得到企(qi)業已(yi)交納的(de)排水費(fei)(fei)(fei)，只能提高(gao)協(xie)議收費(fei)(fei)(fei) 標(biao)準來維(wei)持運轉(zhuan)，變相增加了(le)企(qi)業的(de)負擔。
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu)一(yi)般位于城市基礎(chu)設施不太完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水廠接納(na)(na)周(zhou)圍(wei)居民(min)生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)水具有不少 優點：一(yi)是改善(shan)污(wu)(wu)水的(de)(de)可生(sheng)化性；二是有利(li)于解決 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu)周(zhou)邊(bian)農村地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)染(ran)問題。有的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu) 污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)廠雖接納(na)(na)居民(min)生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)水卻得不到居民(min)交(jiao)納(na)(na) 的(de)(de)排水費，只(zhi)能由工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu)自己(ji)支(zhi)付這筆費用，致使 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水廠不愿接納(na)(na)周(zhou)邊(bian)居民(min)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)水。
城(cheng)鎮污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)廠接納企業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水時，不僅(jin)可以長(chang) 期(qi)收(shou)(shou)取排水費(fei)，而且能收(shou)(shou)到一次(ci)性的(de)納管費(fei)，超過 納管標(biao)準時還可收(shou)(shou)代處理(li)費(fei)。因此，相對于收(shou)(shou)集居 民生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水而言，城(cheng)鎮污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)廠更愿意接納管道 施工(gong)量小(xiao)、污(wu)(wu)水量大、收(shou)(shou)費(fei)標(biao)準高的(de)工(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水，導 致政府花費(fei)治理(li)居民生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水的(de)投資用(yong)在(zai)了企業(ye)身 上(shang)，生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水得不到妥善處理(li)，最終污(wu)(wu)染河流(liu)。
這些因素導致工業(ye)區污水(shui)(shui)廠缺(que)乏(fa)經(jing)費上(shang)的有力(li)保障，管(guan)理維護力(li)不從心，在根本上(shang)導致工業(ye)區不 愿建設污水(shui)(shui)處理廠。
3.4 監(jian)管(guan)政策方面的差別
納(na)入(ru)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)廠的企業(ye)污(wu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)由政(zheng)府(fu)部門監(jian) 督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，納(na)管(guan)(guan)企業(ye)超(chao)標(biao)排放(fang)時，政(zheng)府(fu)部門可以(yi)依法(fa) 對(dui)(dui)其進行處(chu)(chu)罰；而工業(ye)區(qu)污(wu)水(shui)廠自己(ji)承(cheng)擔對(dui)(dui)企業(ye)排 水(shui)的監(jian)督(du)任務，一則(ze)增(zeng)加了監(jian)管(guan)(guan)成本，另則(ze)當納(na)管(guan)(guan) 企業(ye)超(chao)過(guo)協議標(biao)準排放(fang)廢水(shui)時，工業(ye)區(qu)污(wu)水(shui)廠無法(fa) 對(dui)(dui)其進行處(chu)(chu)罰，出現或(huo)污(wu)水(shui)廠超(chao)標(biao)排放(fang)，或(huo)企業(ye)超(chao) 標(biao)偷排污(wu)水(shui)，最終(zhong)污(wu)染(ran)環境的惡果。
4 政策建議
4.1 盡(jin)快制(zhi)訂并實施科學(xue)合理的(de)工(gong)業區(qu)污水排放標準(zhun)
建議(yi)在修訂(ding)《上海市(shi)污(wu)水綜合排放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)》時， 增設(she)專門的(de)工業(ye)(ye)區(qu)污(wu)水廠(chang)排放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)。標(biao)準(zhun)應考慮(lv)工 業(ye)(ye)區(qu)主(zhu)導產業(ye)(ye)的(de)特(te)點確定，增加行業(ye)(ye)特(te)征(zheng)因子指 標(biao)，總體上略寬松于城鎮污(wu)水處(chu)理廠(chang)的(de)排放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)， 引導工業(ye)(ye)區(qu)集中建設(she)污(wu)水處(chu)理廠(chang)。
4.2 統一(yi)工業區污(wu)水(shui)廠(chang)和(he)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)廠(chang)的排污(wu)費征(zheng)收原則
參(can)考城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)(chang)的排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)征收(shou)原則，對工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye) 區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)接納(na)(na)處(chu)理(li)的居民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)免收(shou)總(zong)量排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)， 僅僅當(dang)(dang)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)超過(guo)排(pai)放標準時(shi)(shi)征收(shou)超標排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)， 對城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)(chang)按(an)照處(chu)理(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量的比例征收(shou)總(zong) 量排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)，當(dang)(dang)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)超標時(shi)(shi)，無論(lun)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)是否(fou)達到設(she)計標 準，均征收(shou)所有污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的超標排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)。以此(ci)體現公平原 則，鼓勵工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)接納(na)(na)處(chu)理(li)周(zhou)邊(bian)居民(min)的生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu) 水(shui)(shui)(shui)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)限制城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)大范圍接納(na)(na)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。
4.3 建立(li)對工業區污水(shui)廠的(de)排水(shui)費返還機制(zhi)
工(gong)業(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠自(zi)行(xing)(xing)處理(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)周邊居民生 活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，政府部(bu)門理(li)(li)應建立排水(shui)(shui)(shui)費(fei)返(fan)還(huan)機制，將(jiang)工(gong) 業(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠處理(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的排水(shui)(shui)(shui)費(fei)返(fan)還(huan)給污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠，從根(gen) 本上保(bao)障工(gong)業(ye)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠的穩定運行(xing)(xing)。同時，繼(ji)續允 許工(gong)業(ye)區(qu)根(gen)據接納工(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的濃度(du)，向(xiang)企業(ye)協議收 取處理(li)(li)費(fei)用，提高工(gong)業(ye)區(qu)建設污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠的積極性。
4.4 對自建(jian)污水廠的工業區(qu)給(gei)予(yu)優惠政(zheng)策
嚴格(ge)執行《<中華人民(min)共和(he)國環境影響(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)法> 上海實施(shi)辦法》，對(dui)(dui)不同的(de)工業區(qu)采(cai)用不同的(de)項(xiang)目 審批政策，以促(cu)進(jin)(jin)工業區(qu)建(jian)設完善污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設施(shi)。 對(dui)(dui)于自建(jian)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠的(de)工業區(qu)，在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)能力 范圍(wei)內鼓勵項(xiang)目引進(jin)(jin)；對(dui)(dui)沒有污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)廠的(de)工業區(qu)，通 過限制污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)排向城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)廠等措施(shi)限制引進(jin)(jin)產生 工業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)項(xiang)目。
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