固定化微生物技術及各種方法的比較
固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)技術(shu)是將(jiang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)載(zai)體(ti)上，使(shi)其(qi)高(gao)密度(du)密集并(bing)(bing)保持其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)功能，在(zai)適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下還可(ke)增(zeng)殖，以(yi)滿(man)足處理工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)；實質上是從(cong)增(zeng)加單位反應器(qi)內(nei)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)來(lai)提高(gao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性，使(shi)得(de)細胞(bao)密度(du)高(gao)，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)流失(shi)少、不需分離(li)，就能純化(hua)(hua)和(he)保存高(gao)效菌株(zhu)等(deng)優勢，反應速度(du)快，運行(xing)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、可(ke)靠(kao)，從(cong)而節約運行(xing)成(cheng)本(ben)，提高(gao)MSW的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理效率。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)技術(shu)目前國內(nei)外還沒(mei)有(you)(you)一(yi)個統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類標準，方(fang)法(fa)也多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)(you)載(zai)體(ti)結合(he)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)（吸附(fu)法(fa)）、交聯固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)、包埋(mai)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)和(he)共價結合(he)法(fa)，各(ge)種(zhong)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)法(fa)和(he)載(zai)體(ti)都(dou)各(ge)有(you)(you)特(te)點(dian),見表1。其(qi)中，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)法(fa)以(yi)包埋(mai)法(fa)和(he)吸附(fu)法(fa)最為(wei)常(chang)用。包埋(mai)法(fa)是將(jiang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)封(feng)閉在(zai)天(tian)然(ran)高(gao)分子(zi)(zi)多(duo)糖(tang)類或(huo)合(he)成(cheng)高(gao)分子(zi)(zi)凝膠的(de)(de)(de)(de)網絡中，從(cong)而使(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)；其(qi)特(te)點(dian)是可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)制(zhi)成(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(球狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、圓柱狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、膜狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、布狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng))，但(dan)包埋(mai)法(fa)制(zhi)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)對傳質有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。吸附(fu)法(fa)是將(jiang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)細胞(bao)附(fu)著(zhu)于固(gu)(gu)體(ti)載(zai)體(ti)上，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)細胞(bao)與載(zai)體(ti)之間不起(qi)化(hua)(hua)學反應，并(bing)(bing)且具有(you)(you)操作簡(jian)單、固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)條件溫和(he)、細胞(bao)活性損失(shi)小、載(zai)體(ti)可(ke)以(yi)反復使(shi)用等(deng)優點(dian)，所以(yi)被廣泛(fan)應用和(he)深入研究。
表1各種固定化方法的比較
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