水(shui)(shui)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)富營養化現象已(yi)成(cheng)為人類(lei)所面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)問題之一,降低廢水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氮尤其是磷含量是防止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)富營養化的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要任務。填料(liao)載體(ti)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)生物膜是處理系統發(fa)揮作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti),研究淹(yan)沒式除(chu)磷反應器中生物膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性和主(zhu)(zhu)要微(wei)生物組成(cheng)、探討究竟(jing)是哪些微(wei)生物在生物膜除(chu)磷過程中起主(zhu)(zhu)要作用,是探明淹(yan)沒式生物膜除(chu)磷機理的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要課題。

1序批式生物膜除磷反應器中生物量的測定

1．1　測定方法

(1) 從(cong)筆(bi)者穩態試驗運行的(de)(de)淹(yan)沒序批式生物(wu)膜法除磷(lin)反應器中(zhong)(zhong)[1]取出(chu)有代表性(xing)的(de)(de)填料(liao)(liao),將(jiang)填料(liao)(liao)放入(ru)容(rong)器中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)一定(ding)量的(de)(de)蒸餾水搓洗(xi),把含(han)洗(xi)脫膜的(de)(de)水轉入(ru)2000mL量筒中(zhong)(zhong),將(jiang)填料(liao)(liao)再(zai)(zai)重復搓洗(xi)3～5次,直至(zhi)膜全部洗(xi)脫下來而填料(liao)(liao)變成白色為止,再(zai)(zai)往盛洗(xi)脫膜的(de)(de)量筒中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)蒸餾水至(zhi)滿刻度。

(2) 取(qu)混勻的(de)(de)洗(xi)(xi)脫(tuo)液(ye)(ye)200mL,測(ce)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)103～105℃下烘干(gan)的(de)(de)總殘(can)渣;取(qu)混勻的(de)(de)洗(xi)(xi)脫(tuo)液(ye)(ye)200mL,用定(ding)量濾(lv)(lv)紙抽(chou)濾(lv)(lv),然后取(qu)所得濾(lv)(lv)液(ye)(ye),測(ce)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)103～105℃下烘干(gan)的(de)(de)總可濾(lv)(lv)殘(can)渣,得懸(xuan)浮固體m＇s=總殘(can)渣-總可濾(lv)(lv)殘(can)渣。

(3) 把經過(2)測得的總(zong)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)和總(zong)可(ke)濾殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)分別在550℃的馬福爐中灼(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)30min,取出在干(gan)燥器(qi)內(nei)冷卻后稱量至恒重,得總(zong)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)和總(zong)可(ke)濾殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)的灼(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha),則揮發性懸浮固體(ti)m＇vs=(總(zong)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)-總(zong)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)的灼(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha))-(總(zong)可(ke)濾殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)-總(zong)可(ke)濾殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha)的灼(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)殘(can)(can)(can)(can)渣(zha))。

(4) 在取走填料的反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)立即取混合(he)液200mL,同步驟(2),(3)分別測出(chu)反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)混合(he)液的懸(xuan)浮(fu)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)ms〃和揮(hui)發性懸(xuan)浮(fu)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)mvs〃,則得(de)反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)懸(xuan)浮(fu)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)ms和揮(hui)發性懸(xuan)浮(fu)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)mvs的計算(suan)公式:

ms=10∑ni=1nim＇si+1000vm〃s/200=10∑ni=1nim＇si+5vm〃smvs=10∑ni=1nim＇vsi+5vm〃vs

式(shi)中(zhong)ms———反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)懸浮固(gu)體總量(liang),g;mvs———反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)揮(hui)發性(xing)懸浮固(gu)體總量(liang),g;m＇si———第i種代表性(xing)填(tian)料(liao)的(de)懸浮固(gu)體,g;m＇vsi———第i種代表性(xing)填(tian)料(liao)的(de)揮(hui)發性(xing)懸浮固(gu)體,g;ni———第i種代表性(xing)填(tian)料(liao)相同或相似的(de)填(tian)料(liao)數;n———代表性(xing)填(tian)料(liao)的(de)種類數;m〃s———混合液的(de)懸浮固(gu)體,g;m〃vs———混合液揮(hui)發性(xing)懸浮固(gu)體,g;v———反(fan)應器(qi)容積,22L。反(fan)應器(qi)中(zhong)mLss和mLvss的(de)表達式(shi):mLss=1000ms/v,mg/L;mLvss=1000mvs/v,mg/L。

1．2　測(ce)定過程及結果將所取(qu)代表性填料(liao)分成(cheng)上(shang)下兩段,每(mei)段長度(du)均為55cm,然后把每(mei)段作為單獨的有(you)代表性的填料(liao),按上(shang)述測(ce)定方法進行(xing)測(ce)定,反應器中有(you)8根相同填料(liao),結果見(jian)表1。

由(you)表1知,sbr生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)反應(ying)器中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)量非(fei)常大,超過淹沒式軟填料生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)工(gong)藝、sbr除磷活性(xing)污泥系(xi)統和a/o活性(xing)污泥系(xi)統中(zhong)的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)量,反應(ying)器中(zhong)上(shang)部生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)活性(xing)高于下部。

2生物膜污泥產率及污泥含磷量

2．1污泥產率

由于sbr生物膜(mo)除磷工藝的(de)(de)特殊性,可較方便(bian)地測出運行1個周(zhou)期后的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產量。在進水負荷為1．00kgcod/(m·d)時,將(jiang)1周(zhou)期后脫落(luo)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)取(qu)出,過濾(lv)后在103～105℃下烘干,稱得1．0733g,產泥(ni)(ni)(ni)率為0．1996kgds/kgcod,介于傳統生物膜(mo)法和傳統活性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法的(de)(de)產泥(ni)(ni)(ni)率之間,與以消化(hua)為目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)延時曝氣活性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)法的(de)(de)產泥(ni)(ni)(ni)率接(jie)近[4]。

2．2污泥含磷量

準確稱取污泥風(feng)干(gan)樣(yang)(yang)品0．0744g,在(zai)樣(yang)(yang)品上(shang)下各鋪(pu)一層naoh于鎳坩(gan)(gan)堝中,將坩(gan)(gan)堝放在(zai)酒精噴燈(deng)上(shang)到樣(yang)(yang)品處(chu)于熔融狀態,用鐵夾將坩(gan)(gan)堝取出在(zai)水中急冷,用蒸餾水多次洗(xi)滌坩(gan)(gan)堝,用h2so4(1∶1)中和(he)至ph<7,定(ding)容至1000mL[5]。

將上述溶液(ye)(ye)再稀釋20倍后取50mL于比色管(guan)中,加入(ru)5mL鉬酸銨溶液(ye)(ye)混勻,加入(ru)0．25mL氯化(hua)亞錫溶液(ye)(ye),充分混勻,室溫放置(zhi)15min后,于700nm波長處以零濃度空白為參比,測定吸(xi)光(guang)度,在標準(zhun)曲線上查得相應的含磷(lin)量為0．2108mg/L,污(wu)泥(ni)中磷(lin)含量為5．67%。

3生物膜沉降特性

計時進(jin)行靜止(zhi)沉(chen)淀(dian)。把(ba)量(liang)筒(tong)中(zhong)洗脫液混勻(yun),然(ran)后靜置沉(chen)淀(dian),分別記下靜沉(chen)時間及污泥沉(chen)淀(dian)層容積。結果見(jian)(jian)圖1。由圖1可見(jian)(jian)纖(xian)維填料(liao)的(de)(de)上、下部(bu)生物膜都具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)沉(chen)降性。

4除磷微生物特性研究

4．1試驗材料

生(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)樣(yang)品:生(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)混合(he)液取自筆者試(shi)驗中(zhong)穩態運行的淹沒式生(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)反應(ying)器中(zhong)填料載體上(shang)的生(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)。檢樣(yang)1為(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)反應(ying)器除(chu)磷(lin)試(shi)驗的前期(qi)(反應(ying)器運行第4個月(yue))樣(yang)品,檢樣(yang)2為(wei)中(zhong)期(qi)(反應(ying)器運行第6個月(yue))樣(yang)品。

培養基:牛肉膏(gao)蛋白胨培養基(營養瓊脂)。

4．2試驗方法

(1) 檢樣處理。

無菌(jun)操作取出生(sheng)(sheng)物膜(mo),測(ce)量表面積。檢樣(yang)(yang)1為0．2217cm,檢樣(yang)(yang)2為0．2165cm。然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)滅菌(jun)剪(jian)刀將生(sheng)(sheng)物膜(mo)剪(jian)碎,放入裝有滅菌(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)鹽水和(he)玻(bo)璃珠的三角燒(shao)瓶(ping)中,充(chong)分振(zhen)蕩,將生(sheng)(sheng)物膜(mo)上的細菌(jun)洗(xi)下,以此生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)鹽水懸液作為菌(jun)落總數(shu)測(ce)定(ding)細菌(jun)計數(shu)按標準(zhun)平(ping)板法進行。

(2) 菌落總(zong)數確(que)定。

將上(shang)(shang)述生理鹽水懸液(ye)進行(xing)(2)菌(jun)落總數確(que)定。將上(shang)(shang)述生理鹽水懸液(ye)進行(xing)適當的10倍遞增稀釋(shi),然后取各(ge)稀釋(shi)度懸液(ye)0．1mL放入營養瓊脂平皿上(shang)(shang),用滅(mie)菌(jun)“L”形玻璃棒將其涂布均勻,放入36℃恒溫箱中培養24h,然后連(lian)續觀察3d。

(3) 菌相分析。

取(qu)上(shang)(shang)述各稀釋度菌(jun)(jun)(jun)懸(xuan)液(ye)0．1mL放入(ru)普通營養瓊脂平皿上(shang)(shang),用(yong)(yong)“L”玻璃棒將涂(tu)布均勻的(de)(de)一組(zu)(zu)放在36℃溫箱培養,另(ling)一組(zu)(zu)放入(ru)厭氧罐中,36℃培養,連續培養72h后取(qu)出并觀(guan)察結果,選有30～300個菌(jun)(jun)(jun)落的(de)(de)平皿,進(jin)行菌(jun)(jun)(jun)相分析,選取(qu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)落形態(tai)一致的(de)(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)為一組(zu)(zu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun),然后進(jin)行革蘭氏染色,做抗(kang)酸染色、形態(tai)、芽孢試(shi)驗、動力、需氧生長、厭氧生長、接觸(chu)酶、氧化(hua)酶、葡萄糖利用(yong)(yong)試(shi)驗、of試(shi)驗以確定(ding)其為哪(na)個菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬(shu)的(de)(de)細(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。試(shi)驗結果根據《伯杰氏系統細(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)鑒定(ding)手冊》所述的(de)(de)方法進(jin)行處理。

4．3試驗結果

(1)菌落總數。

由表1得知:檢(jian)(jian)樣1的菌落總數為(wei)2．52×108個/mL,檢(jian)(jian)樣2的菌落總數為(wei)1．56×10個/mL。

(2)菌相(xiang)分析結果。

普通營養(yang)瓊脂平(ping)板在(zai)36℃下培養(yang)24h。需氧培養(yang):檢(jian)樣1在(zai)10-4稀釋(shi)度平(ping)板上長(chang)出210株菌(jun)(jun)落(luo);檢(jian)樣2在(zai)10-5稀釋(shi)度平(ping)板上長(chang)出127株菌(jun)(jun)落(luo)。厭氧培養(yang):檢(jian)樣1,檢(jian)樣2均(jun)無細菌(jun)(jun)生長(chang)。菌(jun)(jun)相分析結(jie)果見(jian)表2。由表2可見(jian)優(you)勢(shi)菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu)為(wei)假單胞(bao)(bao)菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu),其次依順序為(wei)氣(qi)單胞(bao)(bao)菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu)、芽(ya)孢桿菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu)、微(wei)球菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu)、硝化桿菌(jun)(jun)屬(shu)(shu)。

4．4討論

4．4．1淹(yan)沒式生(sheng)物膜反應器不同運行期生(sheng)物比較

(1)細菌總數。

在除磷試驗的中(zhong)期生物膜中(zhong)細菌(jun)數量遠超過初(chu)期,約(yue)為初(chu)期的5倍,這是因(yin)為生物膜不斷馴化培養(yang)后,逐步成熟的原因(yin)。

(2)菌相組成。

由表2知(zhi),在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)期假單胞(bao)菌屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)比例超過初期。同(tong)時,氣(qi)單胞(bao)菌屬(shu)(shu)、芽孢桿(gan)菌屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)比卻(que)低于(yu)初期。這說(shuo)明,假單胞(bao)菌屬(shu)(shu)為(wei)本系統的(de)(de)優勢(shi)菌屬(shu)(shu),且隨著(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時間的(de)(de)延(yan)長而更(geng)加穩(wen)定。另外(wai),硝化桿(gan)菌屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)比例在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)期也(ye)高于(yu)初期。說(shuo)明,隨著(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時間的(de)(de)延(yan)長,本系統的(de)(de)硝化功能趨于(yu)提高。

4．4．2與除磷工(gong)藝中活(huo)性污泥混合液(ye)菌(jun)相(xiang)構(gou)成(cheng)比較

以往人們(men)認為不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun)屬在(zai)(zai)活性污(wu)泥(ni)除(chu)(chu)磷(lin)(lin)過(guo)程中起著最主要的(de)作用。但是(shi),在(zai)(zai)本(ben)試(shi)驗中卻沒(mei)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun)屬。hascoet[8]發(fa)現(xian),運行良好(hao)的(de)間(jian)歇式(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)除(chu)(chu)磷(lin)(lin)脫氮(dan)試(shi)驗裝(zhuang)置的(de)污(wu)泥(ni)混合液(ye)(ye)中幾乎找不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun),清(qing)華大(da)學(xue)周(zhou)溪岳(yue)[3]、華東(dong)師(shi)范大(da)學(xue)朱懷蘭(lan)[9]的(de)間(jian)歇式(shi)污(wu)泥(ni)除(chu)(chu)磷(lin)(lin)試(shi)驗裝(zhuang)置中,也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)找到(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun)。此外,即使在(zai)(zai)一些裝(zhuang)置中,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun)屬相當(dang)(dang)多,但它在(zai)(zai)除(chu)(chu)磷(lin)(lin)過(guo)程中所起的(de)作用都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)。當(dang)(dang)然(ran)由(you)于所采取工藝、原水水質、運行條件不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同,活性污(wu)泥(ni)混合液(ye)(ye)內(nei)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)組成(cheng)和(he)數量會(hui)有(you)差異,但是(shi)這說(shuo)明了(le)以往的(de)廢(fei)水生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)除(chu)(chu)磷(lin)(lin)主要是(shi)由(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)桿菌(jun)屬完成(cheng)的(de)觀點(dian)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠全面的(de)。

另外,同(tong)(tong)樣是間(jian)歇式(shi)除磷(lin)工藝,本(ben)試(shi)驗采用的淹(yan)(yan)沒(mei)式(shi)生物膜與間(jian)歇式(shi)活(huo)性污泥(ni)的菌(jun)相構(gou)成有(you)相似也有(you)不同(tong)(tong),其比較見表3。由(you)表3知,兩(liang)者最大的不同(tong)(tong)是在淹(yan)(yan)沒(mei)式(shi)生物膜除磷(lin)系統中有(you)硝化(hua)桿(gan)菌(jun)屬,而間(jian)歇式(shi)活(huo)性污泥(ni)系統中沒(mei)有(you)。

4．4．3主要菌(jun)群的功能

cLoete等(deng)人的研究認為,假單(dan)胞(bao)菌(jun)屬、氣單(dan)胞(bao)菌(jun)屬、不動桿菌(jun)屬等(deng)都不僅能(neng)(neng)有效地降(jiang)解有機(ji)物,而且(qie)能(neng)(neng)過量攝取廢水中的磷(lin)以聚磷(lin)酸(suan)鹽顆粒的形(xing)式貯存于細胞(bao)內,同時還能(neng)(neng)還原硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)鹽進(jin)行(xing)反(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化脫氮(dan)。另(ling)外芽(ya)孢桿菌(jun)屬、微球菌(jun)屬、腸桿菌(jun)屬等(deng),也具備上述(shu)功能(neng)(neng),這(zhe)與本(ben)試(shi)驗(yan)研究是基本(ben)一(yi)致的。氣單(dan)胞(bao)菌(jun)的另(ling)一(yi)主要功能(neng)(neng)是發酵產酸(suan)作用,即在厭氧段將(jiang)合成廢水中的蛋(dan)白(bai)質之類的大分子物質發酵成小(xiao)分子的揮發性(xing)脂肪(fang)酸(suan),而一(yi)般硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化桿菌(jun)的作用是進(jin)行(xing)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化。本(ben)試(shi)驗(yan)在穩定(ding)運行(xing)期有很好的硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)化以及去(qu)除cod和氮(dan)、磷(lin)的效果[1,11],從而進(jin)一(yi)步驗(yan)證了(le)上述(shu)觀點(dian)。

5除磷生物膜生物相

5．1　原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)特征淹沒(mei)(mei)式生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)反應(ying)器(qi)從(cong)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)到出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui),有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濃度變(bian)化很大(da)(da),然而其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)卻比較穩(wen)定,而且在(zai)數(shu)量上(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)大(da)(da)起大(da)(da)落的(de)情況。原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主要為纖毛蟲(chong)(chong)類,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)頻率(lv)最多的(de)是(shi)(shi)固著型纖毛蟲(chong)(chong)類,有(you)(you)鐘蟲(chong)(chong)、累枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)(he)蓋蟲(chong)(chong);其(qi)次是(shi)(shi)游(you)泳型纖毛蟲(chong)(chong),有(you)(you)草履蟲(chong)(chong)(主要在(zai)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)時出(chu)(chu)現(xian))、腎(shen)形蟲(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)(he)漫游(you)蟲(chong)(chong)。另外,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)少量的(de)綠眼蟲(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)(he)變(bian)形蟲(chong)(chong)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)線蟲(chong)(chong)類、輪蟲(chong)(chong)類、甲殼蟲(chong)(chong)類等。甲殼蟲(chong)(chong)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主要為水(shui)(shui)蚤(zao)類。值得指出(chu)(chu)的(de)是(shi)(shi)淹沒(mei)(mei)式反應(ying)器(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)上(shang)(shang)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)并沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)象傳(chuan)統的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)法那(nei)樣,隨(sui)著從(cong)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)到出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)而改變(bian),相(xiang)反在(zai)整(zheng)個處理過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),鐘蟲(chong)(chong)、累枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、線蟲(chong)(chong)等一(yi)直生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長良好,而且在(zai)數(shu)量上(shang)(shang)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)太大(da)(da)變(bian)化,這(zhe)些適(shi)于在(zai)低污染度條件(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)仍能存活,只是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)環境條件(jian)的(de)改變(bian),原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)形態(tai)也(ye)(ye)隨(sui)之(zhi)變(bian)化。因此(ci),在(zai)同一(yi)周(zhou)期內(nei),淹沒(mei)(mei)式生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)反應(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種屬不宜(yi)用來指示水(shui)(shui)質,而只能從(cong)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)形態(tai)來指示水(shui)(shui)質。

5．2　原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可直接利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)中有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質,對水(shui)(shui)中有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凈化起一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),更主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)吃細菌為主(zhu),而(er)(er)(er)(er)后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)細菌、小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和有(you)機顆粒等為食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)形成(cheng)食物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈和不同(tong)營養(yang)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費者生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),與(yu)反應(ying)器環境形成(cheng)一(yi)個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)。細菌、原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)在(zai)好氧(yang)(yang)條(tiao)件(jian)下要(yao)比無氧(yang)(yang)條(tiao)件(jian)下大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提(ti)高(gao),所以(yi)淹(yan)沒式(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)除磷(lin)反應(ying)器在(zai)從(cong)(cong)厭氧(yang)(yang)轉(zhuan)為好氧(yang)(yang)時,除磷(lin)菌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)殖速度將大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)加(jia)快,而(er)(er)(er)(er)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)捕食能力也逐漸增強,而(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)時被吞食的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除磷(lin)菌大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)過量攝取了(le)磷(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細菌,因此,原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)體內富集了(le)磷(lin),而(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)些磷(lin)將隨同(tong)其死亡尸體轉(zhuan)入污(wu)泥,從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)提(ti)高(gao)淹(yan)沒式(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)反應(ying)器中脫(tuo)落污(wu)泥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磷(lin)含量;其次,在(zai)好氧(yang)(yang)段由于(yu)(yu)原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)可軟(ruan)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo),促使生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)松動(dong)、脫(tuo)落,并提(ti)高(gao)氧(yang)(yang)轉(zhuan)移率,從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)能使生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)經常(chang)保持(chi)活性(xing)和良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凈化功(gong)能,既有(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)去除有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),也有(you)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)除磷(lin)。

6　結論

(1) 淹沒式生物膜除磷反應(ying)器中,生物量大,mLvss達5531．7mg/L;細菌總數多,為(wei)1．56×109個/mL,從而為(wei)生物除磷在菌數上奠定了基礎。

(2) 脫落污泥沉降(jiang)性(xing)好、含磷量高,污泥產率為0．1996kgds/kgcod。

(3) 生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)相穩(wen)定,對(dui)淹(yan)沒式生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜除磷工藝(yi)而言,原生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)和后生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)的種(zhong)屬不(bu)宜用來指示水質(zhi),而只能從(cong)原生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)的形態指示水質(zhi)。

(4) 淹沒式生物膜除磷工藝中(zhong)優(you)勢菌(jun)屬為假(jia)單(dan)胞菌(jun)屬,其次依順(shun)序(xu)為氣單(dan)胞菌(jun)屬、芽孢(bao)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)屬、微球 菌(jun)屬、硝化桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)屬。

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