智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是自動控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發展的(de)(de)高級階段，是人工(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)、控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)、系統論(lun)(lun)和信(xin)息(xi)論(lun)(lun)等多種學科(ke)的(de)(de)高度綜合(he)與集成，它主要包括(kuo)模糊控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、神經網絡控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、學習控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和專家控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在各種非(fei)穩定的(de)(de)動態工(gong)程系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)日(ri)益廣泛與深入，特別是近年來取得(de)的(de)(de)研(yan)究與應用(yong)成果(guo)更受矚目。由于污水處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)運行費(fei)用(yong)是龐大的(de)(de)、長期的(de)(de)，如(ru)果(guo)通過有(you)效的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)將城市污水處理(li)(li)廠的(de)(de)運行費(fei)用(yong)節省1%，也是個天(tian)文數字(zi)。由此(ci)可見，加強城市污水處理(li)(li)系統智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)研(yan)究非(fei)常必要。

1 國內外自控技術現狀分析

發達國家(jia)在(zai)(zai)二級處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)普及以(yi)后(hou)投入大量資金和(he)(he)科研力(li)量加(jia)強污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設施的監(jian)測、運行和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)，實(shi)現(xian)了計(ji)算機控(kong)制、報警、計(ji)算和(he)(he)瞬時記錄。美國在(zai)(zai)20世(shi)紀70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)中期開(kai)始實(shi)現(xian)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠的自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制，目前主(zhu)要(yao)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠已實(shi)現(xian)了工藝流程中主(zhu)要(yao)參數的自(zi)動(dong)測試和(he)(he)控(kong)制。80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)來在(zai)(zai)美國召開(kai)了兩次(ci)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)器和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)化的國際學術會議，會上發表(biao)的數百篇論文反(fan)映出水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)自(zi)動(dong)化已發展到(dao)實(shi)用(yong)水(shui)平。與國外(wai)相比，我國污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)自(zi)動(dong)化控(kong)制起步較晚(wan)，進入90年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)后(hou)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠才開(kai)始引入自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制系統(tong)，但多是直(zhi)接引進國外(wai)成套自(zi)控(kong)設備，國產自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制系統(tong)在(zai)(zai)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠應用(yong)很(hen)少。

近年來(lai)，國內外(wai)均有學者對污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工藝進行(xing)研究，以尋求更精確、更可(ke)靠的(de)(de)方(fang)法實(shi)施自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。Zipper等開發(fa)了(le)適用(yong)于小型(xing)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)的(de)(de)自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統，該系統采(cai)用(yong)基于氧化(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)電位(wei)(ORP)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)。這個控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)自動(dong)工作，并可(ke)以在(zai)硝(xiao)化(hua)和反硝(xiao)化(hua)之(zhi)間(jian)進行(xing)優化(hua)，從而(er)減少能耗，他們在(zai)中試中發(fa)現，污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)的(de)(de)實(shi)際負荷與ORP曲線變(bian)化(hua)具有很強的(de)(de)相關性(xing)。采(cai)用(yong)兩(liang)點ORP控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)保證了(le)在(zai)增加負荷時硝(xiao)化(hua)時間(jian)占(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)時間(jian)的(de)(de)比率也(ye)隨之(zhi)增加，這些都為開發(fa)小型(xing)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)規則奠(dian)定了(le)基礎。

ohn等采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)兩種(zhong)SBR反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)對家禽生(sheng)(sheng)產廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)(jin)行處理(li)(li)，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)評價了(le)它(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li)效率，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)考察了(le)脫氮(dan)與(yu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)ORP之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)使用(yong)(yong)了(le)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)pH、ORP和(he)(he)(he)DO監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)(jin)儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)設備和(he)(he)(he)基于(yu)ORP設定(ding)值控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當處理(li)(li)變組分廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，該(gai)研究不僅獲得了(le)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)，而(er)且(qie)依(yi)靠ORP控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，減少了(le)空(kong)壓機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。Yu等設計(ji)(ji)(ji)研究了(le)一套(tao)帶有實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)ORP和(he)(he)(he)pH控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)SBR反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。該(gai)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)由傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)、人機(ji)對話界面和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部件組成。SBR反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中安裝了(le)4個(ge)帶有Ag/AgCl電(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)ORP儀表、1個(ge)DO表和(he)(he)(he)1個(ge)pH儀表，傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模擬信(xin)號(hao)(hao)通過AD/DA轉(zhuan)換器(qi)(qi)(qi)轉(zhuan)換成數(shu)字(zi)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)依(yi)靠計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)每秒(miao)鐘采(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)一次(ci)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)。計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)對采(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據進(jin)(jin)行分析后，通過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)路傳(chuan)遞到繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，由它(ta)(ta)開(kai)/關(guan)攪拌(ban)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、潷水(shui)(shui)(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)鼓風機(ji)。試驗(yan)結果(guo)顯示(shi)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)SBR反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)底物(wu)(wu)去除效率和(he)(he)(he)降低(di)能耗(hao)方(fang)面均(jun)優于(yu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)SBR反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。Puznava等在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)步硝化(hua)(hua)(hua)/反(fan)(fan)硝化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)中引(yin)入了(le)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，建立了(le)基于(yu)DO在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)饋控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)基于(yu)氨氮(dan)和(he)(he)(he)DO在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)串聯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)硝化(hua)(hua)(hua)—反(fan)(fan)硝化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)濾(lv)池(chi)(BAF)相(xiang)比，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)達(da)(da)到相(xiang)同(tong)處理(li)(li)效果(guo)(出水(shui)(shui)(shui)TN＜20mg/L)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)低(di)于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50%。王淑(shu)瑩在(zai)(zai)(zai)國外已有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)流量(liang)(liang)程(cheng)序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，提出一種(zhong)SBR法有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，使控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)更(geng)定(ding)量(liang)(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)精密化(hua)(hua)(hua)。工業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)很大(da)，當進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度高(gao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，為使出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達(da)(da)標，應(ying)適當增加反(fan)(fan)應(ying)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)使運(yun)行更(geng)可靠；而(er)當進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度低(di)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可以減少反(fan)(fan)應(ying)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)以節省(sheng)運(yun)行費用(yong)(yong)。

彭(peng)永臻等(deng)將ORP作(zuo)為(wei)SBR反(fan)應器有機物降(jiang)解程度間(jian)接指標(biao)的研究(jiu)結果表(biao)明(ming)，無(wu)論是在很大范圍內改變曝氣量(liang)或(huo)者(zhe)改變MLSS濃(nong)(nong)度，還是使反(fan)應初始COD在230～2180mg/L之(zhi)間(jian)逐漸變化或(huo)突然變化，當COD達到難(nan)降(jiang)解濃(nong)(nong)度時(shi)，ORP都迅(xun)速、大幅度地(di)升高，隨后(hou)又很快趨于平穩(wen)，并在某一特定范圍內穩(wen)定下來。因此，可(ke)以用(yong)ORP作(zuo)為(wei)SBR法反(fan)應時(shi)間(jian)的計算(suan)機控(kong)制參數，實現計算(suan)機在線自(zi)動控(kong)制。

通過以(yi)(yi)上分析，目前污水(shui)處理自動(dong)控制中存在以(yi)(yi)下問題(ti)：

①傳(chuan)統(tong)污水處理自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)要求(qiu)建(jian)立精確的(de)數學模型，并(bing)且(qie)提(ti)出必(bi)須遵循一些比較(jiao)苛(ke)刻的(de)線性(xing)化假設，然(ran)而實際污水處理系統(tong)由于存(cun)在(zai)復雜性(xing)、非線性(xing)、時(shi)變性(xing)、不確定性(xing)和(he)不完全性(xing)等，一般(ban)無法獲得精確的(de)數學模型和(he)與實際相(xiang)符的(de)假設，因此采(cai)用(yong)傳(chuan)統(tong)控制(zhi)(zhi)理論建(jian)立的(de)污水處理自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)在(zai)實際工(gong)程(cheng)應用(yong)上存(cun)在(zai)出水水質(zhi)波(bo)動(dong)較(jiao)大等問題。

②污(wu)水處理自(zi)動控制(zhi)系統中(zhong)所采(cai)用的(de)(de)一(yi)些自(zi)動化檢(jian)測設備、儀(yi)表的(de)(de)功能(neng)目(mu)前(qian)還很不(bu)完善，在實際(ji)檢(jian)測中(zhong)達(da)不(bu)到(dao)預期效果(guo)、誤差很大，因此依靠這(zhe)些檢(jian)測設備判斷污(wu)水處理情況并實施自(zi)動控制(zhi)，往(wang)往(wang)很難達(da)到(dao)處理水質達(da)標(biao)排放和(he)節約能(neng)源的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。

③國內外(wai)許(xu)(xu)多學者為(wei)(wei)提高污水處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)的(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理效率和(he)降低能耗(hao)開展了許(xu)(xu)多實(shi)時控(kong)制研究，如采(cai)用ORP、DO和(he)pH值作為(wei)(wei)控(kong)制參(can)數(shu)來(lai)控(kong)制出水水質和(he)減小曝氣量，但這(zhe)些方法也(ye)存在一些問題(ti)，例(li)如控(kong)制污水處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)硝(xiao)化(hua)—反硝(xiao)化(hua)過程所使用的(de)(de)ORP就很難(nan)判定，因(yin)此絕大(da)多數(shu)基于ORP控(kong)制的(de)(de)污水處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)也(ye)執(zhi)行時間(jian)(jian)控(kong)制，作為(wei)(wei)當控(kong)制器無法找到ORP特征點時的(de)(de)應急控(kong)制，這(zhe)樣就導致許(xu)(xu)多污水處(chu)(chu)理系統實(shi)際(ji)上仍然采(cai)用的(de)(de)是按時間(jian)(jian)控(kong)制整個處(chu)(chu)理過程。

④污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理自動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)有(you)別于其他控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統，它(ta)需要對(dui)大量(liang)閥門、泵(beng)、鼓風機(ji)和吸(刮)泥(ni)機(ji)、曝氣池和污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)消(xiao)化池內的(de)攪拌器等機(ji)械設備及沉淀池和消(xiao)化池進(jin)、排泥(ni)量(liang)進(jin)行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，因此(ci)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理廠需要自動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)開關量(liang)多(duo)，它(ta)們常常要根(gen)據一(yi)定時間或邏輯順(shun)序定時開/停，然而(er)目前我(wo)國生產的(de)閥門質量(liang)存在(zai)一(yi)些問(wen)題，使用壽命較短，如果從國外進(jin)口價格又很昂貴，一(yi)般污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理廠很難承(cheng)受(shou)，因此(ci)筆者認為制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)我(wo)國污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理自動控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)發展的(de)主要原(yuan)因不是生產工藝問(wen)題，而(er)是設備問(wen)題。

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