摘 要:介紹了國內(nei)銅(tong)緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)最新研(yan)究成果,從新型緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)應用,緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑(ji)間的(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效應,緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究方法及預處(chu)理等方面綜述了目(mu)前銅(tong)及銅(tong)合金緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究現狀及發展動態.

關鍵詞:銅(tong) 銅(tong)合(he)金 銅(tong)緩蝕劑 發展現狀

1 引言

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)優異的(de)(de)強度,機(ji)械加工(gong)(gong)性(xing)能(neng),導電(dian)性(xing),可焊(han)接性(xing)及(ji)(ji)耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)等(deng)特點(dian).長期以(yi)來,在工(gong)(gong)業,軍事及(ji)(ji)民用(yong)等(deng)各個(ge)領域均(jun)得到了廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)應用(yong).通(tong)常情況下,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)沒有(you)腐蝕(shi)的(de)(de)傾向,然而,在含(han)氧的(de)(de)水中(zhong)(zhong),氧化(hua)性(xing)酸(suan)及(ji)(ji)含(han)有(you)CN-,NH4+等(deng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)成(cheng)絡合(he)(he)離子(zi)的(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong),銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)則發(fa)生較(jiao)嚴重的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi).銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金比(bi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)更(geng)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)耐(nai)蝕(shi)性(xing).資料表明:目前僅海洋工(gong)(gong)業一項,每年就消(xiao)耗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金10萬(wan)噸以(yi)上,隨著(zhu)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展和(he)火(huo)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)大規模建設,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金在雙水內(nei)冷發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)冷卻(que)水系統及(ji)(ji)循環冷卻(que)水系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)越來越多.在各種腐蝕(shi)介(jie)質中(zhong)(zhong),使用(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)緩蝕(shi)劑抑制(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金的(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)是十分(fen)經濟(ji)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)辦(ban)法.因此,尋求防(fang)銹效(xiao)(xiao)果好(hao)(hao),緩蝕(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)率高,廢(fei)液(ye)易處理(li),價廉(lian)無公害的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)緩蝕(shi)劑具有(you)重要的(de)(de)意(yi)義.近年來,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金緩蝕(shi)劑的(de)(de)研究(jiu)從多方面展開,并取得了很大的(de)(de)成(cheng)績.

2 新物質的應用

20世紀30年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期,有機(ji)合(he)成物(wu)(wu)(wu)(硫(liu)脲,醛,胺,苯(ben)(ben)胺,苯(ben)(ben)酸等(deng)(deng))的(de)(de)(de)衍生物(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)噻(sai)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),咪唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)(deng)雜環化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu),相繼開發利用.50年(nian)代(dai)BTA及(ji)其(qi)(qi)衍生物(wu)(wu)(wu)被推(tui)上工業銅(tong)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)舞臺(tai).在(zai)(zai)(zai)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)能(neng)方面萘并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(NTA) >苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(BTA) > 三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo) (TA),還有人研(yan)制(zhi)了(le)一種高效的(de)(de)(de)螯合(he)型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)用緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑二巰(qiu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)噻(sai)二唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(DMTDA),這種緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑對(dui)黃銅(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)有優異的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效果(guo).苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),甲(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),噻(sai)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)基(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),羥基(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu).其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),羧酸緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)性(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)團吸附在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)屬(shu)表面上,改變了(le)雙電層結構,提(ti)高了(le)金(jin)屬(shu)離子化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程的(de)(de)(de)活化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing),便于(yu)形成絡合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu),較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)烷(wan)(wan)烴支鏈,起(qi)到了(le)結構屏蔽作用.在(zai)(zai)(zai)淡水(shui)(shui)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)火電廠發電機(ji)冷(leng)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong),APPC學名為(wei)吡啶烷(wan)(wan)二硫(liu)代(dai)氨基(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)酸銨來替代(dai)溶解能(neng)力差,介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)要求高(pH>6.8)的(de)(de)(de)MBT,得到了(le)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效果(guo).將苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)氮唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和噻(sai)二唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)單元(yuan)通過硫(liu)烷(wan)(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反應連(lian)接起(qi)來,合(he)成含有兩個苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)三(san)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)單元(yuan)和一個噻(sai)二唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)單元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)分子內(nei)聚物(wu)(wu)(wu)(SBTA),對(dui)3%NaCl溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效果(guo).于(yu)萍等(deng)(deng)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑噻(sai)二唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(DMTD)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學結構式與巰(qiu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)并(bing)噻(sai)唑(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)類似,價格低廉(lian),水(shui)(shui)溶性(xing)好,可廣(guang)泛應用于(yu)雙水(shui)(shui)內(nei)冷(leng)發電機(ji)冷(leng)卻(que)系(xi)統及(ji)循環水(shui)(shui)冷(leng)卻(que)系(xi)統,提(ti)高了(le)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)耐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing).不難看出,新型(xing)(xing)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究有了(le)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)進展,許多(duo)新物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)特定的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下顯示了(le)無可替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)能(neng).研(yan)究天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)或(huo)合(he)成新的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)成為(wei)發現(xian)新型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑.

3 緩蝕劑協同效應的研究

緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)劑技術的(de)近代發展,與(yu)研(yan)究(jiu)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)劑之間的(de)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)是(shi)分不開的(de).許多(duo)工業應(ying)(ying)用的(de)商品緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)劑都是(shi)利用協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)研(yan)制的(de)多(duo)組(zu)分配方.協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)作(zuo)用機(ji)理(li)(li)是(shi):存在(zai)活性(xing)陰離(li)子(zi)時(shi),活性(xing)離(li)子(zi)的(de)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)指活性(xing)離(li)子(zi)-金屬偶極的(de)負端朝向溶液的(de)架(jia)橋作(zuo)用,有(you)(you)利于有(you)(you)機(ji)吸(xi)附.有(you)(you)的(de)是(shi)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)物質在(zai)金屬表面形成吸(xi)附層,吸(xi)附物相互促進(jin)吸(xi)附層的(de)穩定性(xing).有(you)(you)的(de)是(shi)物質間相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)吸(xi)附機(ji)理(li)(li)通過加(jia)合作(zuo)用產生協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying).協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)對于降低(di)銅緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)劑的(de)成本,提高緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)效(xiao)率,減少緩(huan)(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)劑的(de)負面效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要的(de)意(yi)義.

20世紀50年(nian)(nian)代,研(yan)究(jiu)了磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)系(xi)(xi)列(lie),鐵鹽(yan)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)及(ji)唑(zuo)(zuo)類化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復合(he)(he)配方(fang).近幾(ji)年(nian)(nian)來,緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)也取(qu)得(de)了很大(da)進(jin)(jin)展.在(zai)淡水(shui)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong),用(yong)(yong)(yong)苯并(bing)(bing)(bing)三氮唑(zuo)(zuo)及(ji)其衍(yan)生(sheng)物(wu)復配成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji),濃度(du)大(da)于0.5×10-6,將紫銅(tong)(tong)浸泡36小時以(yi)上(shang)(shang),使緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)達99%以(yi)上(shang)(shang).羧酸(suan)(suan)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)(DG-1)與(yu)在(zai)淡水(shui)中(zhong)與(yu)BTA復配后顯示了比BTA更好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性能,大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低了BTA用(yong)(yong)(yong)量,降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本.秦技強等(deng)(deng)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)了一種(zhong)唑(zuo)(zuo)類物(wu)質(zhi)ET與(yu)BTA復配成(cheng)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)ETB,得(de)出了比BTA更好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性能,解決了BTA成(cheng)本高,而(er)MBT水(shui)溶性差及(ji)會增加(jia)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)鹽(yan)量和(he)電導率(lv)等(deng)(deng)缺點.在(zai)雙水(shui)內(nei)冷(leng)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)冷(leng)卻系(xi)(xi)統及(ji)循環水(shui)冷(leng)卻系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong),彭吉尼等(deng)(deng)經過(guo)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗研(yan)究(jiu)開發(fa)(fa)了一種(zhong)新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)為多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)雜環化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復配體(ti),該緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)已在(zai)國產100MW和(he)200MW機(ji)(ji)組上(shang)(shang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)并(bing)(bing)(bing)取(qu)得(de)了很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益.樊(fan)坤等(deng)(deng)將BTA和(he)某衍(yan)生(sheng)物(wu)組成(cheng)一個具(ju)有(you)(you)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)(200號),這兩種(zhong)物(wu)質(zhi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)管表(biao)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)膜(mo),生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)螯合(he)(he)膜(mo),而(er)衍(yan)生(sheng)物(wu)對各種(zhong)金屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸附(fu)無選擇性,極易生(sheng)成(cheng)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)膜(mo),經試驗檢驗復配后具(ju)有(you)(you)更好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防腐性能.無機(ji)(ji)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)方(fang)面(mian),國內(nei)外對于溴冷(leng)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)大(da)量研(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現,C6H4N3H,Li6(Mo7O24),12H2O和(he)Na2B4O7等(deng)(deng)復配使用(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果.在(zai)海水(shui)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong),苯并(bing)(bing)(bing)三氮唑(zuo)(zuo),鉬酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)和(he)多(duo)(duo)聚磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)之間有(you)(you)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying),3×10-6苯并(bing)(bing)(bing)三氮唑(zuo)(zuo)+2×10-6鉬酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)+4×10-6多(duo)(duo)聚磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)使銅(tong)(tong)在(zai)海水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)達80%,對銅(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)預膜(mo)處(chu)理(li)后,可(ke)大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量,緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)達95%以(yi)上(shang)(shang).BTA與(yu)其衍(yan)生(sheng)物(wu)也有(you)(you)較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying),如:與(yu)MBT=9,0.5mol/L NaCl介質(zhi)中(zhong),可(ke)相互(hu)促進(jin)(jin)其界面(mian)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)多(duo)(duo)元保(bao)護(hu)(hu)膜(mo)從而(er)產生(sheng)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)(tong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong).

4 緩蝕劑的研究方法

研究(jiu)金屬(shu)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)很(hen)多,大(da)致可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)非電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa).電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you):Tafel曲(qu)線(xian)外推法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),恒電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),交流(liu)阻抗法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng).非電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you):失(shi)重法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),光譜分(fen)析法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng).錢倚劍(jian)等(deng)人提出諧波分(fen)析法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)檢測(ce)點蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)評價緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)能,該(gai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)量(liang)速度快,不需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua).用(yong)(yong)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)研究(jiu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行為(wei)近幾(ji)年來引(yin)起了人們的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)大(da)興趣.銅(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)堿性(xing)溶液中由(you)于表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)Cu2O膜其光響(xiang)(xiang)應成(cheng)p-型,在(zai)(zai)(zai)Cl-或SO42-等(deng)侵(qin)襲(xi)離子的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)膜結(jie)構發生(sheng)了改變(bian),光響(xiang)(xiang)應逐漸從p-型轉變(bian)為(wei)n-型,這種轉變(bian)不是(shi)(shi)因(yin)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)生(sheng)成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物CuCl2,而是(shi)(shi)歸因(yin)于Cl-對(dui)(dui)Cu2O膜的(de)(de)(de)摻(chan)雜作用(yong)(yong).高豐文等(deng)用(yong)(yong)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)檢測(ce)了緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑苯并(bing)三(san)氮唑在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)膜過程和(he)對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作用(yong)(yong).并(bing)與交流(liu)阻抗法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao),確(que)認這種方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de).全面(mian)(mian)(mian)腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)控制橢圓光度法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)指當偏振光在(zai)(zai)(zai)金屬(shu)鏡(jing)上反射(she)(she)時(shi),光線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)兩個相位和(he)振幅會(hui)發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)不相等(deng)的(de)(de)(de).如果金屬(shu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)帶有(you)(you)一層膜,那么這兩種相對(dui)(dui)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)取(qu)決于膜的(de)(de)(de)厚度及生(sheng)成(cheng)物質的(de)(de)(de)折射(she)(she)率.對(dui)(dui)其分(fen)析處理(li),可(ke)得到時(shi)間-厚度曲(qu)線(xian),因(yin)而可(ke)研究(jiu)膜的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)長動(dong)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue).用(yong)(yong)此法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)研究(jiu)了膜隨(sui)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)長.李漢等(deng)采用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與橢圓光度儀(yi)相結(jie)合(he),根據腐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)膜厚度的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)結(jie)果,用(yong)(yong)于探討緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)機(ji)理(li).表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)增強拉曼散射(she)(she)(SERS)可(ke)以比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)能,識別金屬(shu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑吸(xi)(xi)附物種及吸(xi)(xi)附趨(qu)勢.區分(fen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)吸(xi)(xi)附和(he)物理(li)吸(xi)(xi)附,確(que)定緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)集團等(deng),是(shi)(shi)一種很(hen)有(you)(you)發展前途的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)劑研究(jiu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa).我(wo)國近幾(ji)年也開始有(you)(you)人重視(shi)并(bing)加(jia)以研究(jiu).在(zai)(zai)(zai)金屬(shu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)可(ke)以獲得SERS譜.

5 緩蝕劑的預處理

循環水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)膜(mo)又稱(cheng)基礎處理(li)(li)(li)(li),是水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要預(yu)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)之一.采用(yong)(yong)以聚磷酸鹽為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)膜(mo)劑,屬于沉(chen)淀型緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑,成膜(mo)為(wei)一電(dian)(dian)沉(chen)積(ji)過(guo)程(cheng),易水(shui)解,成膜(mo)慢.李先波等(deng)通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)(dui)預(yu)膜(mo)劑中(zhong)藥品的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan),找到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)采用(yong)(yong)有機磷配方進行(xing)預(yu)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳條(tiao)件(jian).預(yu)膜(mo)后緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少了(le)(le)(le),緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)也(ye)得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)增強(qiang),起到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)事(shi)半功倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo).韓曉冬等(deng)針對(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)壩發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠4臺300MW雙水(shui)內冷(leng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機內冷(leng)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合格(ge)率低的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang),研究(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)在(zai)(zai)停(ting)機時(shi)對(dui)(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)BTA預(yu)膜(mo),預(yu)膜(mo)后內冷(leng)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合格(ge)率大(da)(da)幅提高,有效(xiao)(xiao)地控(kong)(kong)制了(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)導線的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)安全長期(qi)運(yun)行(xing)提供了(le)(le)(le)保障.BTA的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)控(kong)(kong)制在(zai)(zai)50~80mg/L,水(shui)溫控(kong)(kong)制在(zai)(zai)50℃,時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)24~36小時(shi).楊建(jian)等(deng)研究(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)H2O2的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定新(xin)方法,開發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)(le)H2O2-BTA穩定鈍化處理(li)(li)(li)(li)新(xin)工藝(yi),處理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃銅(tong)試片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)力和表(biao)面出(chu)光(guang)度(du)得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善,在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)表(biao)面生(sheng)成良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈍化膜(mo),對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)極和陽(yang)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)化學過(guo)程(cheng)均有抑制作用(yong)(yong).直(zhi)接加入緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑往(wang)往(wang)起不(bu)到(dao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo),緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)元件(jian)進行(xing)預(yu)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)后,可(ke)以大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)量,提高緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo).因此,緩(huan)(huan)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)膜(mo)越來越得到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視.

6 結語

近年來,銅緩蝕劑的研究有了較大的進展.涌現了許多新物質作為銅的緩蝕劑,起到了很好的緩蝕效果.研究緩蝕劑之間的協同效應,實驗復配型緩蝕劑是緩蝕劑發展的重要趨勢.緩蝕劑使用前的預處理是非常重要的一個環節,對于提高緩蝕劑的緩蝕效率有十分重要的作用.緩蝕劑的研究方法應朝高效靈敏,真實無損,微觀 ,即時,使用范圍廣等方向發展,從而更好的指導新型緩蝕劑的研究開發,配方的優化及其實際應用 .
 
 

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