食(shi)品工(gong)業是(shi)(shi)以(yi)農、牧(mu)、漁、林業產(chan)品為主要(yao)原(yuan)料進(jin)行加工(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)業。食(shi)品工(gong)業作(zuo)為中(zhong)國(guo)經濟增長中(zhong)的(de)(de)低(di)投入、高效益(yi)產(chan)業正在引人注目(mu)地發展、擴大；這種擴大對中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)經濟發展無(wu)疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)有促(cu)進(jin)作(zuo)，但從環境保護的(de)(de)角度(du)來講，食(shi)品工(gong)業污水(shui)對環境的(de)(de)影響也(ye)要(yao)引起(qi)有關方面高度(du)重視(shi)。

食(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)包括許多與飲食(shi)(shi)有(you)關(guan)的(de)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，有(you)不同的(de)分類方(fang)法。若按所用(yong)的(de)原料分類，可分為：肉(rou)與肉(rou)制(zhi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；水(shui)產品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；禽(qin)蛋(dan)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；水(shui)果、蔬(shu)菜加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；乳品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；制(zhi)糖(tang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；糧食(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；淀粉工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；使用(yong)油脂工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；發(fa)酵(jiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；調味品(pin)及食(shi)(shi)品(pin)添加(jia)(jia)劑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)等。

表1-1 食品(pin)工業廢水(shui)來(lai)源及水(shui)質(zhi)

食(shi)品工(gong)業污(wu)水(shui)主要來源于(yu)原料處(chu)理、洗(xi)滌、脫(tuo)水(shui)、過(guo)(guo)濾、各(ge)種分離精制、脫(tuo)酸、脫(tuo)臭和蒸煮等食(shi)品加工(gong)生產過(guo)(guo)程。污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)大量的蛋白質、有(you)機(ji)酸和碳水(shui)化合物。由(you)于(yu)很多(duo)浮游生物的存在，水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶解(jie)性有(you)機(ji)物增加很快，容易(yi)產生腐(fu)殖(zhi)質，并伴有(you)難聞氣(qi)體；同時這些(xie)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)銅、亞鉛、錳、鉻等金屬(shu)離子含量較多(duo)，細菌、大腸菌群也常有(you)超過(guo)(guo)國家(jia)排(pai)放標準，所以食(shi)品工(gong)業污(wu)水(shui)要經過(guo)(guo)處(chu)理后才能排(pai)放。

由于(yu)食品(pin)種類繁多，原料來源廣(guang)泛，食品(pin)工業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)具有(you)懸(xuan)浮(fu)物(wu)、油(you)脂含量高(gao)，重金(jin)屬離子多，COD和(he)BOD數值大，誰知和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量變化幅度(du)大，氮(dan)、磷化合物(wu)含量高(gao)，某些情況下水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫也(ye)較高(gao)等特點。污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)工藝分成一級(ji)處(chu)理(li)、二(er)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)和(he)三級(ji)處(chu)理(li)。對于(yu)食品(pin)工業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)，一級(ji)處(chu)理(li)一般(ban)是采用(yong)(yong)固液分離技(ji)術(shu)去除污水(shui)(shui)(shui)中的懸(xuan)浮(fu)物(wu)和(he)漂(piao)浮(fu)物(wu)；二(er)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)是主要(yao)處(chu)理(li)過程，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)生物(wu)處(chu)理(li)技(ji)術(shu)去除水(shui)(shui)(shui)中有(you)機物(wu)等有(you)毒(du)物(wu)質，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)膜(mo)處(chu)理(li)法、強氧化劑(ji)等技(ji)術(shu)將污水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)一步(bu)進(jin)化。

食品工業污(wu)(wu)水在處(chu)(chu)理(li)過(guo)程中會產生污(wu)(wu)泥、廢油、廢酸(suan)、廢堿、加工過(guo)程中產生的動植物廢棄物也應該進行無害化處(chu)(chu)理(li)。

選擇食(shi)品(pin)工(gong)業排放污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)工(gong)藝，不僅(jin)要(yao)考慮(lv)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有害物質(zhi)的組成，而且(qie)要(yao)了(le)解排出污(wu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)量的瞬(shun)間變化情況，這些(xie)對選擇污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)工(gong)藝、設備和日后(hou)運行管理(li)都很重要(yao)。

食品工業廢水(shui)中較大懸浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)和(he)油脂(zhi)可以采用懸浮(fu)分(fen)離技(ji)術(shu)(shu)去除，以SS值表示的水(shui)中懸浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)（包括膠體）可以采用固液分(fen)離技(ji)術(shu)(shu)去除；污水(shui)中以COD、BOD等表示的有害物(wu)(wu)質可以采用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)去除；處理后的水(shui)要(yao)經(jing)過消毒處理才能(neng)排(pai)(pai)放，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處理過程中產生(sheng)的污泥要(yao)進行脫水(shui)排(pai)(pai)放。

綜上所述，食品工業污(wu)水的典(dian)型處理工藝流(liu)程圖如下(xia)：

污水→懸浮分離→調(diao)節池(chi)→生(sheng)物處理(li)→沉淀（過濾）→消毒(du)→達標排放

           ;                                             ↓

                                                    污泥處理
 

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