摘(zhai)要：采用生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)膜法污(wu)水處理工藝(yi)，對深(shen)圳布吉秀峰工業城污(wu)水進行現場中(zhong)試研(yan)究(jiu)．出水中(zhong)有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)BODs，COD 及懸浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)去除(chu)率一(yi)般(ban)在80% 以上，曝氣生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)工藝(yi)中(zhong)的污(wu)泥質(zhi)量濃(nong)度2倍于(yu)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)工藝(yi)，曝氣生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的原生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)及后生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)密度比(bi)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)工藝(yi)高(gao)出1—2個數(shu)量級．試驗中(zhong)曝氣生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)的去除(chu)效果比(bi)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)工藝(yi)稍好，從(cong)反(fan)應器中(zhong)污(wu)泥質(zhi)量濃(nong)度(p(MLSS))及原生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、后生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)數(shu)量的比(bi)較進一(yi)步證實這(zhe)一(yi)結論。

關鍵詞(ci)：生物(wu)膜；反(fan)應器中污泥(ni)質量濃度；原生動物(wu)；后生動物(wu)

在(zai)小(xiao)規(gui)模分散型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理中(zhong)(zhong)大量使用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理工(gong)藝(yi)，比使用活性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)工(gong)藝(yi)更有(you)優勢(shi)，具體體現在(zai)：①微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)相方面，各種生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)工(gong)藝(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)參與凈化反應(ying)的微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣化，微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的食物(wu)(wu)鏈較長，世(shi)代時間較長的微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)易于(yu)(yu)存(cun)活，在(zai)分段運行中(zhong)(zhong)每段都能夠(gou)形成(cheng)優勢(shi)菌種；② 在(zai)處理工(gong)藝(yi)上，各種生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)工(gong)藝(yi)對水(shui)質水(shui)量變化均有(you)較強的適應(ying)性(xing)(xing)，污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)沉(chen)降(jiang)性(xing)(xing)能良(liang)好、易于(yu)(yu)固液分離(li)，能夠(gou)處理低濃度(du)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)，易于(yu)(yu)維護、節能[1-3]。

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)起源(yuan)于歐洲，其在(zai)中國也得到了廣泛應(ying)用(yong)，是生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜法(fa)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)中使用(yong)較廣泛的(de)(de)一(yi)種；而(er)曝氣生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池(chi)是近年來研(yan)究開發的(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，具有有機負荷(he)高、占用(yong)土地(di)少、節約(yue)投(tou)資等優點，在(zai)新建污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)設施中被廣泛采用(yong)[4-7]。筆者(zhe)選(xuan)擇生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜作(zuo)為主要(yao)處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，對比(bi)研(yan)究生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和(he)曝氣生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池(chi)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)中試規模(mo)上處(chu)理(li)(li)實際(ji)污(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，從(cong)2種工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)進(jin)、出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質和(he)污(wu)泥質量濃度(du)、原生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)和(he)后生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)角度(du)比(bi)較2種工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)運行(xing)效(xiao)果，進(jin)一(yi)步認識生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜法(fa)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)規律。

1 裝置與方法

1．1 研究對象

深(shen)圳布(bu)吉(ji)秀峰工(gong)業(ye)城污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)站(zhan)(zhan)位(wei)于布(bu)吉(ji)河(he)流域與(yu)沙灣河(he)流域的交界線上．秀峰工(gong)業(ye)城內有(you)集體宿舍、各類工(gong)廠(chang)(如食品(pin)廠(chang)、電子廠(chang)、印刷(shua)廠(chang)、塑膠五金廠(chang)、玻璃廠(chang))等．試(shi)驗污水取(qu)自該污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)站(zhan)(zhan)厭氧池出水，通過水泵進人高(gao)位(wei)水池，由高(gao)位(wei)水池流人試(shi)驗裝置．該站(zhan)(zhan)原有(you)的污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)設施雖(sui)在(zai)運行，但出水水質達不到排放要求，進水水質見表1。試(shi)驗在(zai)2005年9月(yue)一2006年4月(yue)進行，試(shi)驗正常運行約6個月(yue)。

1．2 試驗裝置

1．2．1 裝置

試驗(yan)采用2種(zhong)工(gong)藝[8]：曝(pu)氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)工(gong)藝(見圖(tu)1)和生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)工(gong)藝(見圖(tu)2)．每(mei)種(zhong)工(gong)藝分別由(you)3個(ge)鋼罐(guan)組(zu)成(cheng)，每(mei)個(ge)鋼罐(guan)尺寸為 φ0．8 m×2．0 m．曝(pu)氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)為自行研(yan)制的處(chu)理單元，前2個(ge)為曝(pu)氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)，池(chi)體中(zhong)間(jian)放置(zhi)懸(xuan)浮(fu)填料(liao)，填料(liao)高度1．2 m，底部為曝(pu)氣頭；第3個(ge)為清(qing)洗水(shui)(shui)池(chi)，罐(guan)內(nei)放置(zhi)反沖洗清(qing)水(shui)(shui)泵及(ji)清(qing)洗填料(liao)，罐(guan)體中(zhong)間(jian)放置(zhi)攪拌漿，由(you)固定在(zai)頂部的電機(ji)及(ji)減速器帶(dai)動．曝(pu)氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)反洗采用攪拌機(ji)攪動及(ji)水(shui)(shui)清(qing)洗相結合的方法。

生物接(jie)觸(chu)氧(yang)化工藝，前(qian)2個是生物接(jie)觸(chu)氧(yang)化池，內放填(tian)(tian)料，填(tian)(tian)料高度(du)1．2 m，底部(bu)為曝(pu)氣頭；第3個為沉淀池．

1．2．2 填料[8]

曝氣生物(wu)濾池的填料為(wei)高分子中(zhong)空(kong)懸浮型填料，其具有優良(liang)的機械性(xing)能和化(hua)學惰性(xing)[9-10]，相對密(mi)度為(wei)0．91；尺寸為(wei)聲φ10 mm×12 111111．采用上(shang)向流運行方式。

與(yu)礫(li)石、陶(tao)粒等沉在水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)填料相比，懸(xuan)浮填料不(bu)需要(yao)承托(tuo)層(ceng)，且節省空(kong)間．采(cai)用(yong)上向流(liu)方式，填料中(zhong)可(ke)以存(cun)儲更多的(de)(de)污泥，不(bu)易(yi)堵塞．采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)械一水(shui)(shui)力聯(lian)合反沖(chong)洗方式，節省動(dong)力及用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量。

生物接觸(chu)氧化(hua)池的(de)填料(liao)采用彈性高(gao)分子填料(liao)，由架子固定在生物接觸(chu)氧化(hua)鋼罐中。

1．3 試驗方法

為(wei)(wei)比(bi)較曝氣(qi)生(sheng)物濾池與(yu)生(sheng)物接觸(chu)(chu)氧化(hua)池的(de)處(chu)理效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)，在(zai)污水(shui)停留(liu)時間(jian)、曝氣(qi)量均(jun)相同(tong)的(de)條件進(jin)行對比(bi)試驗：比(bi)較同(tong)一工(gong)(gong)藝中(zhong)兩級處(chu)理的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率；比(bi)較曝氣(qi)生(sheng)物濾池與(yu)生(sheng)物接觸(chu)(chu)氧化(hua)池在(zai)相同(tong)水(shui)力停留(liu)時間(jian)下不同(tong)曝氣(qi)方(fang)式的(de)處(chu)理效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)；比(bi)較2種工(gong)(gong)藝中(zhong)的(de)污泥質(zhi)量濃度(p(MESS))及(ji)微生(sheng)物密度：2 種工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)水(shui)力停留(liu)時間(jian)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)1．2～4．8 h，平均(jun)污染負荷為(wei)(wei)1．0～4．0 kg／(m3·d)。

1．4 分析項目及方法(fa)

BOD 5采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)稀釋接種法測(ce)定(ding)；CODcr采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)重(zhong)鉻酸(suan)鉀(jia)法測(ce)定(ding)；SS采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)濾膜法測(ce)定(ding)；NH，．N采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)納(na)氏試劑光(guang)(guang)(guang)度法測(ce)定(ding)；TP采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)過硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)消解、鉬銻抗(kang)分光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度法測(ce)定(ding)；DO采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)溶解氧(yang)(yang)儀現場測(ce)定(ding)；原生動物采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)浮(fu)游生物計數(shu)框全片計數(shu)法測(ce)定(ding)．主要儀器包括：XJ一1 CODcr密閉消解裝置；分光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度計；遠紅外快(kuai)速(su)干燥箱；電子(zi)天平；YSI 550A野(ye)外便攜式溶解氧(yang)(yang)儀；鳳凰ME一1000型光(guang)(guang)(guang)學顯(xian)微鏡；S—R浮(fu)游生物計數(shu)框等。

2 結果與討論

2．1 t處理效果

在(zai)相同(tong)的(de)(de)停留時間、曝氣量等(deng)條件下，曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)及生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)出(chu)(chu)水的(de)(de)ρ(ss)(CODcr)和ρ(BOD5)平均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)見表(biao)2．從表(biao)2可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，2種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝對懸(xuan)浮物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)去(qu)除都有較好(hao)的(de)(de)效果，且曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)比生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)稍好(hao)，這是(shi)因為曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)工(gong)(gong)藝具有過濾(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)性能(neng)決定的(de)(de)．2種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)水p(CODcr)的(de)(de)平均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)在(zai)60 mg／L以(yi)上，曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)出(chu)(chu)水lD(CODcr)好(hao)于生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)．曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)工(gong)(gong)藝出(chu)(chu)水p(BODs)平均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)為13．6 mg／L，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝出(chu)(chu)水lD(BODs)平均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)為16．4 mg／L．曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)工(gong)(gong)藝比生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝稍好(hao)，去(qu)除率大(da)約在(zai)85%左右。

2．2 污泥質量濃度

一(yi)般活性污(wu)泥法的(de)污(wu)泥質量濃(nong)度較(jiao)低，而生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜工藝(yi)可以達到較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)污(wu)泥質量濃(nong)度．由圖3可見，曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池中的(de)污(wu)泥質量濃(nong)度(以lD(MISS)表示)較(jiao)高(gao)，在曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池1中P(MISS)為3～4 g／L，曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾池2中P(MISS)為4～6 g／L．生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接(jie)觸氧(yang)化池中污(wu)泥質量濃(nong)度較(jiao)低，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接(jie)觸氧(yang)化池1與生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接(jie)觸氧(yang)化池2的(de)P(MISS)基本(ben)相同(tong)，為2～3 L．一(yi)般認(ren)為，污(wu)泥質量濃(nong)度高(gao)，容積負荷也高(gao)，處理(li)效率高(gao)。

從圖3可(ke)以看出(chu)，曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池中(zhong)的污(wu)泥質量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)度(du)高(gao)于生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)池，這說明曝(pu)(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池工藝起到了對(dui)懸浮物(wu)(wu)的截流作用．試驗發(fa)現(xian)，11月(yue)到1月(yue)期間(jian)溫(wen)度(du)的變化(hua)(27℃ 降至15 ℃)對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜反應(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)污(wu)泥質量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)度(du)影響不大。

2．3 原生動物(wu)和后生動物(wu)密度

在(zai)(zai)污水生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處理試驗(yan)裝置中(zhong)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著大量的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)，包括(kuo)細菌(jun)、藻類、原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)、后生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)及病毒等(deng)．試驗(yan)裝置中(zhong)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長繁殖一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)降解了污水中(zhong)的(de)有機物(wu)，另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)也能反(fan)映其中(zhong)的(de)水質狀況。

由于不同種類的(de)原生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)及(ji)后生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)對(dui)環(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)要求不同，對(dui)環(huan)境(jing)變化的(de)敏感程度也不同，所以可以利用原生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)的(de)種群生(sheng)長情(qing)況，判斷生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處(chu)理系統(tong)的(de)運轉情(qing)況及(ji)對(dui)污(wu)水的(de)凈化效果。

對污泥中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)及(ji)后生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)進行鏡檢計數發現，原(yuan)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)有草履蟲(chong)(chong)、累枝蟲(chong)(chong)、鐘蟲(chong)(chong)、游仆蟲(chong)(chong)、黎(li)波豆蟲(chong)(chong)，后生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)有輪蟲(chong)(chong)、線蟲(chong)(chong)、甲殼(ke)蟲(chong)(chong)(見圖4)．從圖4可(ke)以看出，曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)的微型動物(wu)(wu)密度(du)較高，比生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧化(hua)池(chi)高出1～2個數量級。

在2種工(gong)藝(yi)中(zhong)都是累枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)最多，甲殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)及(ji)梨(li)波豆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)最少(shao)，說明2種工(gong)藝(yi)處理環境相似，只是因為(wei)生(sheng)物載(zai)體(ti)的不同，造成在微生(sheng)物密(mi)度(du)的差(cha)異(yi)．在曝氣生(sheng)物濾池中(zhong)微生(sheng)物的密(mi)度(du)依次為(wei)累枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>鐘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>游仆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>草(cao)履蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>甲殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>梨(li)波豆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，在生(sheng)物接觸氧化池中(zhong)微生(sheng)物的密(mi)度(du)依次為(wei)累枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>輪(lun)(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>草(cao)履蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>鐘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>游仆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)>線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。

圖5為曝氣(qi)生物(wu)濾池(chi)(chi)及生物(wu)接觸(chu)氧化池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)輪蟲(chong)密度(du)的變化．由(you)圖5可以(yi)看(kan)(kan)出，其曝氣(qi)生物(wu)濾池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的密度(du)高于生物(wu)接觸(chu)氧化池(chi)(chi)1—2個數量級(ji)．從圖5還可以(yi)看(kan)(kan)出，2種工(gong)藝都是第(di)1級(ji)反應(ying)器中(zhong)的輪蟲(chong)密度(du)高于第(di)2級(ji)反應(ying)器，說明輪蟲(chong)更適應(ying)有機物(wu)濃度(du)高的污水(shui)水(shui)質。

圖(tu)6為曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾池及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)(hua)池中累(lei)枝蟲(chong)密度隨時間的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)．由圖(tu)6可見，曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾池累(lei)枝蟲(chong)密度比(bi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)(hua)池高(gao)1～2個數量級，可能(neng)是(shi)曝氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾池中的(de)(de)(de)載體比(bi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)(hua)池中的(de)(de)(de)載體更有利(li)于原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長．11月到1月期間水溫(wen)從27℃降至(zhi)15℃ ，而(er)累(lei)枝蟲(chong)密度的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)并不(bu)明顯。

3  結論

a．采用生物(wu)膜(mo)法中的(de)曝氣(qi)生物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池及(ji)(ji)生物(wu)接觸氧化(hua)池對秀(xiu)峰(feng)工業城污水(shui)處理站污水(shui)有較好(hao)的(de)處理效果，BOD 5，CODcr及(ji)(ji)懸(xuan)浮物(wu)去除率一般在80%以(yi)上．曝氣(qi)生物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池的(de)處理效果比生物(wu)接觸氧化(hua)池稍好(hao)。

b．曝氣生物濾池中生物膜量及微生物量明顯高于生物接觸氧化池，其中污泥質量濃度高1倍左右、微生物密度高1—2個數量級。
 
 
 

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