摘(zhai)要：結合我(wo)國水(shui)(shui)資源短缺、供需平衡(heng)在空(kong)間上的巨大差異以及污(wu)染的現狀(zhuang)，闡明我(wo)國開展中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)的必要性和緊(jin)迫性。介(jie)紹(shao)國外(wai)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)的成功(gong)經驗，針對我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)的現狀(zhuang)，剖析目(mu)前中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)存在的問(wen)題(ti)，并對我(wo)國中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)的前景(jing)進行(xing)了分析。

關鍵詞：中水(shui)回用；回用現(xian)狀；前景分析

聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)在2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月16日(ri)“第(di)三屆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源論(lun)壇(tan)大會”召開之(zhi)前發表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)最新報告，對180個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和(he)(he)地區的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源豐富狀(zhuang)況進行排(pai)(pai)名，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)平均每人每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)擁有近2260m3用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)統計數(shu)字排(pai)(pai)在第(di)128位。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源存在時空分布差異性(xing)大的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，在600多(duo)個城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中有400多(duo)個嚴重缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，其(qi)中比較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)達(da)110個，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總量為(wei)60億(yi)m3。并且(qie)隨著(zhu)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，“三廢”的(de)(de)(de)大量排(pai)(pai)放(fang)污(wu)染了地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。據2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《中國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源公報》顯示：2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)城(cheng)鎮生活廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)總量為(wei)460.0億(yi)t，比上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加4.7%。其(qi)中工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)量212.4億(yi)t，比上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加2.5%；城(cheng)鎮生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)量247.6億(yi)t，比上年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加6.6%。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)相當部分的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)90%以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)未經(jing)處理直接排(pai)(pai)入(ru)受(shou)納(na)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體，直接造(zao)成對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染[1]。

由于工業廢水及生活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水的(de)肆(si)意排(pai)放(fang)，導致我(wo)國(guo) 80%以上的(de)地(di)表(biao)水、地(di)下(xia)水被污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)。專家們警告(gao)：“20年后我(wo)國(guo)將(jiang)找不到可飲(yin)用的(de)水資(zi)源(yuan)”。根據衛(wei)星拍攝的(de)照片，我(wo)國(guo)數百個湖泊正(zheng)在干涸，一些(xie)地(di)方性(xing)的(de)河流也在消失。水資(zi)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)、水污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)加劇、地(di)下(xia)水超采(cai)和用水效率低下(xia)，進一步加劇了有限水資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)供需矛盾(dun)。

面(mian)對如此嚴峻的(de)現實，要保證經濟和社會(hui)的(de)健康(kang)持續發展，保證水(shui)資(zi)源的(de)可(ke)持續利用(yong)，中水(shui)回用(yong)勢在必(bi)行。

建設部《城市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)設施管(guan)理暫行辦(ban)法》中(zhong)(zhong)將中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)定義為:部分生(sheng)(sheng)活優質雜排(pai)水(shui)經處理凈化后(hou)達到(dao)《生(sheng)(sheng)活雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)指標》（CJ25.1-89）,可(ke)以在一定范圍內重復使用(yong)(yong)的(de)非飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)。它的(de)使用(yong)(yong)范圍只能限于非人體接觸(chu)領域。如道(dao)路清洗(xi)、園林噴灑、洗(xi)車等，所以中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)具有廣泛的(de)市(shi)場,像泳(yong)池、浴池、洗(xi)衣店等這些(xie)與人體密切接觸(chu)的(de)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)行業(ye)都(dou)不允(yun)許直(zhi)接使用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)。

1 國外中水回用的成功經驗(yan)

中水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)技術(shu)在(zai)國(guo)外早(zao)已(yi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于實踐。美國(guo)、日(ri)本、以色列等國(guo)廁所沖洗(xi)、園林和農田灌溉(gai)、道路保潔(jie)、洗(xi)車、城(cheng)市噴泉、冷卻(que)設備補充用(yong)(yong)水(shui)等都大量地(di)使用(yong)(yong)中水(shui)，在(zai)利用(yong)(yong)中水(shui)方面積累了不(bu)少成功的經驗(yan)。

以色列是在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)方面最具特色的(de)(de)國(guo)家。占(zhan)全國(guo)污水(shui)處理(li)總量(liang)46%的(de)(de)出水(shui)直接回(hui)用(yong)(yong)于灌溉，其(qi)余33.3%和約20%分(fen)別回(hui)灌于地下或排入河道，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)程(cheng)度之高(gao)堪稱世(shi)界第一。他們采取的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)處理(li)過程(cheng)為：城市污水(shui)的(de)(de)收(shou)集→ 傳(chuan)輸到處理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)→處理(li)→ 季節性儲存→ 輸到用(yong)(yong)戶→ 使用(yong)(yong)及安(an)全處置。在(zai)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)方式上，包括小型社區的(de)(de)就地回(hui)用(yong)(yong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等規(gui)模城鎮和大城市的(de)(de)區域級回(hui)用(yong)(yong)[2]。

日本(ben)從80年(nian)代起(qi)大力(li)提倡使用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，并在(zai)上水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道和(he)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道之間，專門設置了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道。而(er)且為(wei)了(le)鼓勵(li)設置中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道系統，日本(ben)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)制定了(le)獎勵(li)政(zheng)(zheng)策，通(tong)過減免稅金(jin)、提供融資和(he)補助金(jin)等(deng)(deng)手段大力(li)加以推廣。同時還要求新建的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)機關(guan)、學校、企業(ye)辦公樓以及會館、公園、運動(dong)場(chang)等(deng)(deng)公共(gong)建筑(zhu)物都須設置中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道。美國(guo)現在(zai)至少有七個地區(qu)已經或者正在(zai)建設中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)廠。新加坡為(wei)了(le)更好地節約(yue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源，推廣中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)市場(chang)，在(zai)媒體(ti)上對中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大做廣告(gao)，以引導(dao)民眾的(de)(de)消費習慣，吸引更多(duo)的(de)(de)新加坡人接受它。目前每天至少有數千萬(wan)升經過深度處理的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)已經加到飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管中(zhong)(zhong)，不是單純作為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利用(yong)了(le)。

2 我國中(zhong)水(shui)回用的發展現狀[3，4，5]

我國對城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理與(yu)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)研(yan)究，早在1958年就開(kai)始列(lie)入(ru)國家(jia)科(ke)研(yan)課題(ti)，20世紀60年代(dai)(dai)關于污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉的(de)研(yan)究已(yi)達(da)到一定(ding)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平，70年代(dai)(dai)中期進行了以(yi)(yi)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)為(wei)目的(de)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)深度處理小(xiao)試(shi)，80年代(dai)(dai)初在青島(dao)、大連、太原、北京、天津、西安等缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)相繼展開(kai)了污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究。在中水(shui)(shui)(shui)試(shi)驗(yan)的(de)同(tong)時，有關中水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)和法規也相繼出臺。2000年，以(yi)(yi)“十五”綱要為(wei)標(biao)志(zhi)，中水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)被正式寫(xie)入(ru)文件；2002年，出臺了三個(ge)標(biao)準(zhun) ：GB/T 18920《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)》、GB/T 18921《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 景觀環境用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)》、GB 5084《農(nong)田灌溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準(zhun)》，以(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)替CJ 25.1-89《生(sheng)活雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準(zhun)》。

近幾(ji)年(nian)，中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作日益受(shou)到(dao)重視(shi)，國(guo)(guo)內許多城市都建(jian)設(she)了中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。例(li)如：北京的高碑店污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠建(jian)成(cheng)了我國(guo)(guo)最大的中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)規模為(wei)30萬(wan)m3/d，回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)對象主要(yao)是河湖(hu)補水(shui)(shui)、城市綠化(hua)、噴灑道路和(he)熱電廠冷(leng)卻用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)[6]；天津東郊污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)將二級出水(shui)(shui)過(guo)濾(lv)、消毒(du)后(hou)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)，規模為(wei)7萬(wan)m3/d [7]；河北邯鄲市建(jian)成(cheng)6萬(wan)m3/d的回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，用(yong)(yong)于電廠冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)；山東棗莊和(he)泰安分別建(jian)成(cheng)3萬(wan)m3/d和(he)2萬(wan)m3/d的回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)；青(qing)島市海泊河建(jian)成(cheng)4萬(wan)m3/d的中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業冷(leng)卻、綠化(hua)和(he)生活雜(za)用(yong)(yong)。其他(ta)還有大連中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)示范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)已運行10余(yu)年(nian)，北京華能熱電廠、大慶(qing)油(you)(you)田采油(you)(you)廠、克拉瑪依采油(you)(you)廠等均(jun)已建(jian)成(cheng)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)用(yong)(yong)于循環冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)。

3 我國在中(zhong)水(shui)回用中(zhong)存在的主要問(wen)題(ti)

3.1水價太低

目(mu)前，我國多數城(cheng)市水(shui)(shui)價(jia)一(yi)直處于較(jiao)低水(shui)(shui)平，使(shi)(shi)用中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)比使(shi)(shi)用自來水(shui)(shui)在經(jing)濟上沒(mei)有多大效益，這樣(yang)造成中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)即使(shi)(shi)投資運(yun)營后相關費(fei)用難(nan)以(yi)得到保(bao)障。

3.2相(xiang)應(ying)的設施不配套(tao)

由于以(yi)前(qian)在(zai)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)和市政管道(dao)(dao)建設時未考(kao)慮修建中水管道(dao)(dao)，一(yi)些道(dao)(dao)路(lu)下面(mian)各種管道(dao)(dao)已安排得很滿(man)，沒有(you)中水管道(dao)(dao)的位置，還有(you)的道(dao)(dao)路(lu)雖然可安排中水管道(dao)(dao)，但需(xu)破路(lu)才(cai)能(neng)埋設，影響(xiang)交通。

3.3中國城市(shi)中水利用的投融資渠道方(fang)面(mian)存在(zai)問題

我國中水(shui)回用目前主要是靠(kao)政(zheng)府(fu)投(tou)資，而單(dan)靠(kao)政(zheng)府(fu)很難把(ba)這件事情做好，應該拓寬融資渠道，靠(kao)民間集(ji)資、引(yin)進外資等多(duo)(duo)方面、多(duo)(duo)渠道集(ji)資，要盡快(kuai)建(jian)立起與市場接軌的多(duo)(duo)元化投(tou)資體制。

3.4缺乏配套的政策(ce)法規(gui)

目前還(huan)沒有一(yi)部(bu)關于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)法(fa)律或法(fa)規(gui)，缺乏法(fa)律強(qiang)制(zhi)性條(tiao)款作為保(bao)障。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)僅僅依靠節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)部(bu)門的(de)一(yi)些規(gui)章制(zhi)度來(lai)規(gui)范，在執(zhi)行力度上遠遠不夠。實踐證明，城市中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)事業的(de)發(fa)展需(xu)要(yao)國家強(qiang)制(zhi)性法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)的(de)支(zhi)持和(he)約(yue)束。建(jian)議通過人大立法(fa)，頒布“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)法(fa)”，從立法(fa)和(he)執(zhi)法(fa)的(de)角度促進(jin)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)資(zi)源化。除了從法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)行強(qiang)制(zhi)推廣(guang)外(wai)，還(huan)應從政策方(fang)面(mian)予以扶植。如(ru)(ru)對自籌資(zi)金(jin)建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設施的(de)企業，政府(fu)可優(you)先提供一(yi)定的(de)環(huan)保(bao)項目貸款，或給(gei)予財政貼息；減免中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)產企業的(de)增值稅(shui)等。

3.5管(guan)理(li)體制沒有(you)理(li)順

實施城(cheng)(cheng)市中(zhong)水(shui)回用是一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)龐(pang)大而(er)復雜的系統(tong)工程，涉及到城(cheng)(cheng)市規劃、建設、環保(bao)(bao)、市政(zheng)、工業(ye)、農業(ye)、水(shui)利、衛生等眾多單(dan)位與(yu)部(bu)門，但長期以來(lai)，沒有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)具(ju)體的機(ji)構來(lai)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)協調(diao)、規劃及管(guan)理城(cheng)(cheng)市的中(zhong)水(shui)回用。由于中(zhong)水(shui)的推廣應用會(hui)導致利益在不同部(bu)門之(zhi)間(jian)的重新(xin)分配，勢必要求有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)管(guan)理部(bu)門從節約(yue)用水(shui)和(he)保(bao)(bao)護水(shui)資源(yuan)可持(chi)續發展的高(gao)度來(lai)負責解決中(zhong)水(shui)回用過程中(zhong)存在的問題。

3.6公眾對水資源的理(li)解(jie)存在誤區

在人(ren)們傳統的水(shui)觀念中，只有(you)清潔(jie)水(shui)和(he)污水(shui)之分，對(dui)中水(shui)缺(que)乏了解。許多人(ren)不了解中水(shui)是什么，即使知道(dao)的，也(ye)對(dui)中水(shui)的水(shui)質和(he)使用(yong)效果心(xin)(xin)存疑慮，擔心(xin)(xin)中水(shui)是否符合標準，是否還含(han)有(you)家庭、工(gong)業、排泄和(he)其它來源排放的各種污染物，不敢放心(xin)(xin)使用(yong)[7]。

4 中水發展的前景

隨著我國社會(hui)經濟的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)短(duan)缺問(wen)題日益突(tu)出。發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)“污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理回用”以實現“水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)可持續利(li)用”已(yi)被(bei)明確寫入“國民經濟和社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)第十個五年計劃綱要(yao)”中(zhong)(zhong)。作為污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理回用的(de)一個重要(yao)組成部分，在住(zhu)宅小區建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)系統已(yi)經提上了(le)各級政府(fu)相(xiang)關職能部門的(de)議事日程。

2001年6月，北京(jing)市規劃委員會(hui)、建(jian)設(she)委員會(hui)、市政管(guan)理(li)委員會(hui)聯合發布《關于(yu)加強中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)設(she)施建(jian)設(she)管(guan)理(li)的(de)通告》，確定(ding)了建(jian)筑(zhu)面積在5萬(wan)m2以上，或可回收(shou)水(shui)(shui)量大于(yu)150m3/d的(de)居住區和集中(zhong)建(jian)筑(zhu)區必須建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)設(she)施[9]。

另據(ju)天津(jin)(jin)《每日(ri)新報(bao)》報(bao)道，從2003年(nian)12月1日(ri)起(qi)開始實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)《天津(jin)(jin)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅建設中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)技術規定》中(zhong)(zhong)明確規定，天津(jin)(jin)市(shi)(shi)新建住(zhu)宅必須按照規定設計并(bing)使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道或自循(xun)環(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)系統(tong)，未按規定實施住(zhu)宅中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程，將不(bu)(bu)予竣工(gong)備(bei)案。另外，隨著市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷提高和(he)相關(guan)政(zheng)策法規的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸續出臺，使(shi)投資中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設施已具備(bei)了初步的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟動力。因此，建設管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)設施，將是房地產開發商(shang)及(ji)物業管(guan)理(li)公司(si)未來必須面對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)課題，而經濟、有效、安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)并(bing)使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，使(shi)投資商(shang)在(zai)最(zui)大(da)限度節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，滿(man)足(zu)社會效益的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，產生最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益，將是政(zheng)策制定及(ji)技術研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要內容。

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[7]徐競成，王健，余志榮等．城市污水回用現狀及發展趨勢，2001年中日水處理技術國際交流會，2001
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