介紹了自動連續(xu)砂過濾(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，并與常規水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝進(jin)行比較(jiao)，具有(you)明顯優于常規水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)特點(dian)。自動連續(xu)砂過濾(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝在(zai)飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝用水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)、市(shi)政污水(shui)(shui)(shui)深度處(chu)理(li)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)中應(ying)用的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程實例，進(jin)一步(bu)驗證(zheng)了這種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)成熟(shu)可靠(kao)性(xing)，值(zhi)得在(zai)國內推廣。

1 連續自動砂濾裝置簡介

連(lian)續自動(dong)砂(sha)(sha)濾器(qi)是一種獨特的(de)含油污水處(chu)理(li)設備，功能全面而(er)且可(ke)靠(kao)，連(lian)續自動(dong)砂(sha)(sha)濾器(qi)沒有(you)運轉的(de)零(ling)部件，減(jian)少了大(da)量的(de)維護(hu)費用(yong)。

連(lian)續自動(dong)(dong)砂濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要用于油田(tian)含(han)油污水(shui)(shui)處理站及市政的(de)(de)供水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)廠和污水(shui)(shui)處理廠等。連(lian)續自動(dong)(dong)砂濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)是一種連(lian)續工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)過(guo)濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)，在(zai)反沖洗和過(guo)濾(lv)工作(zuo)(zuo)同時進(jin)行(xing)，不需要停產(chan)反洗。在(zai)原水(shui)(shui)從下(xia)往上運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)時候，凈水(shui)(shui)通過(guo)石(shi)英(ying)砂濾(lv)床從下(xia)向上過(guo)濾(lv)而自然流出(chu)。同時，隨著過(guo)濾(lv)過(guo)程的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)，被污染的(de)(de)石(shi)英(ying)砂濾(lv)料(liao)在(zai)洗砂器(qi)(qi)中得(de)到清洗，懸浮物、油與洗砂污水(shui)(shui)一起被排放(fang)出(chu)去(qu)。

2 連續自動砂濾器工作原理

2.1 過濾過程

污水(shui)通過進(jin)水(shui)管進(jin)入過濾器內(nei)，由(you)輻射式進(jin)水(shui)裝置均勻分布進(jin)入濾床，污水(shui)穿過石(shi)英砂(sha)層向上運動，濾出(chu)水(shui)通過溢流(liu)口自然流(liu)出(chu)。

2.2 反沖洗過程

空(kong)氣提升裝置(zhi)把被(bei)污(wu)染的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)濾料從過(guo)(guo)濾器(qi)(qi)的(de)底部(bu)提升到(dao)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)砂(sha)器(qi)(qi)的(de)上部(bu)，然后，被(bei)污(wu)染的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)濾料穿過(guo)(guo)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)炭器(qi)(qi)落(luo)下(xia)來，在洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)砂(sha)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)與(yu)從下(xia)向上流動(dong)的(de)濾出(chu)水及空(kong)氣交替運行、摩擦，這(zhe)樣，被(bei)污(wu)染的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)濾料就(jiu)得到(dao)了(le)清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。清(qing)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)落(luo)回(hui)到(dao)過(guo)(guo)濾器(qi)(qi)濾床的(de)表面上，然后，再次參與(yu)過(guo)(guo)濾過(guo)(guo)程，這(zhe)樣，就(jiu)保證了(le)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)濾床永遠是最清(qing)潔的(de)。洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)砂(sha)污(wu)水通過(guo)(guo)排污(wu)口被(bei)排放出(chu)去。

2.3 連續(xu)自動砂濾(lv)裝置的組(zu)成(cheng)

連續自動砂(sha)濾裝置主(zhu)要(yao)由連續自動砂(sha)濾器、供氣系(xi)統(tong)(tong)及自動化控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

①控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)說(shuo)明(ming)。連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動(dong)砂(sha)濾(lv)裝置采(cai)用(yong)PLC控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，確保連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動(dong)砂(sha)濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)及供(gong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)穩定運行，它能(neng)(neng)對供(gong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)及連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動(dong)砂(sha)濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)運行過程中的(de)數據進(jin)行采(cai)集(ji)，反(fan)饋到電(dian)算(suan)機進(jin)行在(zai)線監測，實現(xian)(xian)集(ji)中檢測和現(xian)(xian)場控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)目的(de)。根據工藝要求(qiu)，在(zai)連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動(dong)砂(sha)濾(lv)器(qi)(qi)及供(gong)氣系(xi)(xi)統(tong)上實現(xian)(xian)穩量、穩壓及設(she)備故障反(fan)饋警報(bao)的(de)功能(neng)(neng)。

每臺(tai)連續自動砂(sha)(sha)濾器(qi)進、出口(kou)(kou)(kou)及排污口(kou)(kou)(kou)均設有(you)(you)流量計，進行實時在線(xian)監測，并且通過入口(kou)(kou)(kou)流量計對(dui)入口(kou)(kou)(kou)調節閥進行調整，保證連續自動砂(sha)(sha)濾器(qi)的(de)處(chu)理(li)水量穩定及排污量的(de)控制(zhi);每臺(tai)連續自動砂(sha)(sha)濾器(qi)都(dou)配(pei)(pei)有(you)(you)就地(di)操作(zuo)箱(xiang)，操作(zuo)箱(xiang)內(nei)配(pei)(pei)有(you)(you)六個(ge)(ge)氣體流量計，分別對(dui)三個(ge)(ge)氣浮裝置及三個(ge)(ge)提砂(sha)(sha)裝置進行手動調節控制(zhi)。

②供(gong)(gong)(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)說明(ming)。供(gong)(gong)(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)主要由(you)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體干燥器及集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)罐組成，供(gong)(gong)(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)主要是(shi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動砂濾器氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浮(fu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)及提(ti)砂裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)源，為保(bao)證連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動砂濾器的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓穩定，在供(gong)(gong)(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)末端設置(zhi)(zhi)一臺(tai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體流量計及調(diao)節閥(fa)，通(tong)過空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)調(diao)節閥(fa)與壓力傳感(gan)器的(de)(de)連(lian)鎖來保(bao)證供(gong)(gong)(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)終端的(de)(de)出口壓力，保(bao)證連(lian)續(xu)穩定的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)連(lian)續(xu)自(zi)動砂濾器的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浮(fu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)及提(ti)砂裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi);并且(qie)兩臺(tai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)的(de)(de)工作時間(jian)也由(you)PLC來控制(zhi)，在一臺(tai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)工作一定時間(jian)后，進(jin)行自(zi)動切換，讓(rang)另一臺(tai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)繼(ji)續(xu)工作，保(bao)證空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮機(ji)的(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命及穩定的(de)(de)工作狀態。

空(kong)氣干(gan)燥(zao)器主要(yao)是為(wei)使供氣系統保持氣體干(gan)燥(zao)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態，在冬季運(yun)(yun)(yun)行時，不會(hui)因為(wei)空(kong)氣中(zhong)水份(fen)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)使連續(xu)自(zi)動砂濾裝置(zhi)受(shou)到(dao)影(ying)響(xiang);空(kong)氣干(gan)燥(zao)器設(she)有旁通管線，在夏(xia)季運(yun)(yun)(yun)行時，即使空(kong)氣中(zhong)水份(fen)較大也不會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)連續(xu)自(zi)動砂濾器的(de)(de)正(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行。

2.4 自(zi)動連續砂過(guo)濾工藝的應用

①地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理。地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)常作為飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)工業工藝用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源.絮凝(ning)(ning)(ning)劑和(he)(he)原水(shui)(shui)(shui)在進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)上的(de)管(guan)道混合器中進(jin)行充分混合,絮凝(ning)(ning)(ning)和(he)(he)分離過程在連續砂過濾濾床中完成(cheng),出水(shui)(shui)(shui)濁度(du)由在線(xian)濁度(du)儀(yi)測(ce)量(liang),絮凝(ning)(ning)(ning)劑的(de)投加量(liang)和(he)(he)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)成(cheng)比(bi)例，并且根據進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)決定是否需(xu)要進(jin)行pH值的(de)調節。

②飲用水處理。在飲用水處理中(zhong)，通常情況下(xia)(xia)連續(xu)砂過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)器(qi)(qi)可保證如下(xia)(xia)出水水質：色度(du)：<5mg/LPt;濁度(du)：<0.3NTU;CODMn<2.5mg/L;AI：<0.1mg/L。根據某自來水廠的(de)測(ce)試結果(guo),在進水懸(xuan)浮(fu)物含量為200mg/L的(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，連續(xu)砂過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)器(qi)(qi)可以保證濁度(du)小于1.0NTU的(de)穩定的(de)出水水質。

③工(gong)業工(gong)藝(yi)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)。用(yong)(yong)地表水(shui)作為水(shui)源處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)工(gong)業工(gong)藝(yi)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)的(de)出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)與飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)的(de)水(shui)質(zhi)接近，通(tong)常(chang)可保證以下出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)：色度(du)：<5mg/LPt;CODMn：2-3.5mg/L;濁度(du)：<0.2-0.5NTU;國外許多(duo)造紙廠采用(yong)(yong)活性砂(sha)過(guo)濾(lv)工(gong)藝(yi)處(chu)(chu)理(li)原水(shui)。以下是(shi)某造紙廠連(lian)續砂(sha)過(guo)濾(lv)器的(de)運行(xing)數據：原水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)：CODMn;8-10mg/L;色度(du):15-35mg/LPt過(guo)濾(lv)面積：100平(ping)方(fang)米處(chu)(chu)理(li)水(shui)量：1800立方(fang)米/小(xiao)時出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)：CODMn<3mg/L;色度(du)：<5mg/LPt;AI;<0.1mg/L。

④污水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)。a.市政(zheng)污水(shui)(shui)深度處(chu)理(li)。為(wei)(wei)了節(jie)約水(shui)(shui)資源，市政(zheng)污水(shui)(shui)二級(ji)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)的出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)需(xu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)深度處(chu)理(li)用(yong)(yong)作回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)已成為(wei)(wei)政(zheng)府的一(yi)項(xiang)政(zheng)策。目前國內常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的深度處(chu)理(li)方法(fa)是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)常(chang)規的絮凝、沉淀和(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)三(san)段式處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步去(qu)除(chu)二沉池出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)中的懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物和(he)磷。國外多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)連(lian)續(xu)砂(sha)(sha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)工(gong)藝對(dui)(dui)污水(shui)(shui)廠二級(ji)處(chu)理(li)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)深度處(chu)理(li)，避(bi)免(mian)了常(chang)規水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)的初濾(lv)(lv)(lv)液對(dui)(dui)回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)系統的影響，在懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物濃度高達100mg/L的情(qing)況下,仍然(ran)能(neng)夠滿足(zu)回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)的水(shui)(shui)質要求。b.工(gong)業污水(shui)(shui)。工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)通常(chang)需(xu)要首先進(jin)(jin)行(xing)預沉和(he)pH值的調節(jie),投(tou)加絮凝劑后(hou)進(jin)(jin)入連(lian)續(xu)砂(sha)(sha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)器。國外大型的鋼(gang)鐵廠循(xun)環(huan)冷卻水(shui)(shui)通常(chang)用(yong)(yong)連(lian)續(xu)砂(sha)(sha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)器來(lai)處(chu)理(li)，可以去(qu)除(chu)鐵渣(zha)和(he)油脂。瑞典某(mou)軋鋼(gang)廠的含鋼(gang)渣(zha)和(he)油的冷卻水(shui)(shui)經連(lian)續(xu)砂(sha)(sha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)器處(chu)理(li)完后(hou)循(xun)環(huan)回用(yong)(yong)，其處(chu)理(li)效(xiao)果如下：待過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)的冷卻水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質:懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物：30-200mg/L;油：5-15mg/L;溫(wen)度：25-30℃;流量：1120m3/h;過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)面積：100m2。連(lian)續(xu)砂(sha)(sha)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質：懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物：<10mg/L;油：<2mg/L。

3 結論

自動連續砂過濾工藝集絮凝、沉淀和過濾于一體，與常規處理工藝相比，出水水質穩定、節省占地、能耗低、移動部件少、維護維修工作量少、自動化程度高，非常適用于地表水處理、污水的深度處理和工業污水的處理。大量的工程應用結果表明自動連續砂過濾工藝是一種成熟、完善的工藝，在污水廠和自來水廠運行效果都非常好，值得推廣。
 

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