《雜環類(lei)(lei)(lei)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排放標(biao)準(zhun)》已經由環境保護(hu)部和(he)國(guo)(guo)家質(zhi)量監督檢驗(yan)檢疫總局發布，將于(yu)2008年7月1日實施。此(ci)標(biao)準(zhun)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)第一個農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)水污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排放標(biao)準(zhun)，其制定(ding)彌補了我國(guo)(guo)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)無行業(ye)(ye)型(xing)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排放標(biao)準(zhun)的空白，對推(tui)動農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)結構調整、促進(jin)技術(shu)進(jin)步具有重要作用(yong)。這(zhe)一標(biao)準(zhun)以雜環類(lei)(lei)(lei)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)清(qing)潔生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)治理(li)技術(shu)為依據，結合污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)的生(sheng)態影響(xiang)，規定(ding)了雜環類(lei)(lei)(lei)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉、三唑(zuo)(zuo)酮、多(duo)(duo)菌(jun)靈(ling)、百草枯(ku)、莠(you)去津、氟蟲(chong)腈原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產過程中污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排放的控制項目、排放限值，適用(yong)于(yu)雜環類(lei)(lei)(lei)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉、三唑(zuo)(zuo)酮、多(duo)(duo)菌(jun)靈(ling)、百草枯(ku)、莠(you)去津、氟蟲(chong)腈原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產企業(ye)(ye)水污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排放管理(li)。日前，記者(zhe)就這(zhe)一標(biao)準(zhun)的頒布實施采訪了環境保護(hu)部科(ke)技標(biao)準(zhun)司(si)有關負責人。

綜合標準無法有效控制農業污染

這位負責人介紹說，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)絕大部(bu)分是有(you)(you)毒(du)物(wu)質，其(qi)中有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)是劇毒(du)物(wu)質，有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)雖然急性毒(du)性較低(di)，但(dan)卻具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)慢性毒(du)性或“三(san)致(zhi)”(致(zhi)癌(ai)、致(zhi)畸、致(zhi)突變)效應，或具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)環境激素效應。當(dang)前(qian)我國沒有(you)(you)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廠的(de)(de)“三(san)廢”排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)只能(neng)遵守《大氣污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)》和(he)《污(wu)(wu)水綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)》。由于(yu)是綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)，就不可能(neng)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)各個行業(ye)的(de)(de)特點來(lai)(lai)制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)。這就帶來(lai)(lai)以(yi)(yi)下問題，首先，綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)中的(de)(de)控制(zhi)項目(mu)是針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)一切排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)單位，沒有(you)(you)考慮(lv)到(dao)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)特點及(ji)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)實際狀況(kuang)，對(dui)(dui)有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)值(zhi)，即使企業(ye)采用了目(mu)前(qian)最好的(de)(de)處理(li)技(ji)術仍(reng)然無法達到(dao)。這會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成兩種(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang):一種(zhong)(zhong)是企業(ye)為(wei)了達標(biao)而拼命稀釋排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)，另一種(zhong)(zhong)是企業(ye)索性不去治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，因(yin)為(wei)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)還是不達標(biao)。其(qi)次，綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)未針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中間體(ti)及(ji)最終產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)作出規定，而這些(xie)(xie)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)因(yin)子的(de)(de)毒(du)性與危害性往往很大，如不加以(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)，會(hui)對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)態環境、食品安全和(he)人體(ti)健康造(zao)(zao)成嚴重威脅。因(yin)此，有(you)(you)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)性地制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)是十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)。農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)制(zhi)訂(ding)(ding)，將(jiang)在限制(zhi)淘(tao)汰(tai)高污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)及(ji)落(luo)后的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、促(cu)進低(di)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)及(ji)先進的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)促(cu)使企業(ye)采用先進的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)措施方面發揮重要(yao)作用，從而使我國農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)走上高效、低(di)毒(du)、低(di)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)發展軌道，這對(dui)(dui)于(yu)保(bao)護生(sheng)態環境、保(bao)障人民的(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)健康都具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)十分重要(yao)的(de)(de)意義。

控制水污染是關鍵

這位負責人告訴記者，這次(ci)頒布的(de)(de)標(biao)準是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)工(gong)業(ye)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放標(biao)準體系框(kuang)架中(zhong)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)。雜(za)環(huan)(huan)(huan)類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)是(shi)指(zhi)分子結(jie)構(gou)中(zhong)含(han)有雜(za)環(huan)(huan)(huan)，歸(gui)入不(bu)(bu)到其他(ta)9類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)去的(de)(de)含(han)雜(za)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)。由于不(bu)(bu)同農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)(bu)同，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)同，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)排(pai)放的(de)(de)特征污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物就不(bu)(bu)同。如(ru)若不(bu)(bu)分農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，統(tong)一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)定(ding)標(biao)準將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)具有針對(dui)性(xing)(xing)。但農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很(hen)多，若對(dui)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都制(zhi)訂標(biao)準需要(yao)很(hen)長時間，這將(jiang)無法滿足當前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)管理(li)工(gong)作的(de)(de)需要(yao)。因此，在(zai)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)排(pai)放標(biao)準的(de)(de)制(zhi)定(ding)中(zhong)采取優(you)先(xian)(xian)選擇產(chan)(chan)量(liang)大(da)或(huo)毒性(xing)(xing)高(gao)或(huo)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)影響大(da)的(de)(de)重點品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)(shou)先(xian)(xian)制(zhi)訂標(biao)準，目的(de)(de)就是(shi)將(jiang)那些產(chan)(chan)量(liang)大(da)、污染(ran)(ran)(ran)嚴重、對(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)影響大(da)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)(shou)先(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)住，今后再不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)進行補充與完(wan)善(shan)。根(gen)據(ju)這一(yi)(yi)原則，在(zai)雜(za)環(huan)(huan)(huan)類(lei)(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)選擇吡(bi)蟲啉、氟(fu)蟲腈(jing)、三唑酮(tong)、多菌(jun)靈、百草(cao)枯、莠去津6個(ge)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)(shou)先(xian)(xian)制(zhi)定(ding)標(biao)準。這6個(ge)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)有殺蟲劑(吡(bi)蟲啉、氟(fu)蟲腈(jing))，有殺菌(jun)劑(三唑酮(tong)、多菌(jun)靈)，有除草(cao)劑(百草(cao)枯、莠去津)，都是(shi)目前(qian)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)大(da)噸位、前(qian)景看好(hao)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而且，在(zai)這些農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)能很(hen)好(hao)地控制(zhi)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放，將(jiang)會對(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)造成嚴重影響。

另一方面，在(zai)制(zhi)定標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準的過程中(zhong)考慮到農藥工業污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)的特(te)點，水污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)是污染(ran)控(kong)制(zhi)的關鍵(jian)所在(zai)，專家建議(yi)農藥工業污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準以水污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)為(wei)重點，各(ge)類(lei)農藥工業排(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準中(zhong)的大(da)氣污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)，將集中(zhong)制(zhi)訂一個農藥工業大(da)氣污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準。因此，這一標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準更(geng)名為(wei)《農藥工業水污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準雜環類(lei)》

創新之處:對生產過程提出了管理要求

他著重介紹了(le)本(ben)標(biao)準對雜環類農(nong)藥(吡蟲啉、三(san)唑酮、多菌靈、百草枯、莠去津、氟蟲腈(jing))生產過程(cheng)中水污染物排放限(xian)值(zhi)作了(le)規定。對個別農(nong)藥(莠去津和(he)氟蟲腈(jing))在(zai)車(che)間 (或處理裝置污水排放口)設置了(le)監控位置，規定了(le)排放限(xian)值(zhi)。對于(yu)新建(jian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)現(xian)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，規定了(le)不同的標(biao)準值(zhi)，新建(jian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)嚴于(yu)現(xian)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，強調對新建(jian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的嚴格控制。

同(tong)(tong)以(yi)往(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，本標準(zhun)(zhun)除(chu)對污(wu)染(ran)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放限值做(zuo)了規定(ding)(ding)外，對無法用(yong)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)限值來要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，如生產中對影響(xiang)污(wu)水排(pai)放限值的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產過程(cheng)提出了管理與操作方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，促使企業加強自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境管理，防止污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生。需要注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，雖然這些規定(ding)(ding)不(bu)是以(yi)標準(zhun)(zhun)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，但同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)是標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成部(bu)分，與標準(zhun)(zhun)值具有同(tong)(tong)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束力，是企業必須(xu)遵守的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這點是本標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創新之處。

對標準的實施進行了規定

這位負(fu)責(ze)(ze)人告訴記者，為了使(shi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)能夠切(qie)實(shi)地得到貫徹實(shi)施(shi)，本(ben)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的實(shi)施(shi)進行了規定，規定標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)由(you)縣級以上人民政府環境保(bao)護(hu)行政主管部門負(fu)責(ze)(ze)監督實(shi)施(shi)。

在(zai)任何(he)時間、任何(he)情況(kuang)下(xia)，排污(wu)(wu)單位的排污(wu)(wu)行(xing)為(wei)均不得違反(fan)本標(biao)準的規定。環保部(bu)門在(zai)對排污(wu)(wu)單位進行(xing)監督(du)性檢查時，環保工(gong)作人(ren)員可以(yi)現場(chang)即時采樣(yang)或監測的結果作為(wei)判定排污(wu)(wu)行(xing)為(wei)是否達標(biao)的依據。

在發現企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)耗水或排(pai)水量(liang)有異常(chang)變化的(de)(de)情況下，應核定企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)實際產品產量(liang)和排(pai)水量(liang)，按標(biao)準(zhun)中的(de)(de)規定，換算水污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)基(ji)準(zhun)水量(liang)排(pai)放濃度(du)。當(dang)同(tong)一農藥工業(ye)(ye)生產企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)適用不同(tong)類別(bie)農藥工業(ye)(ye)水污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)，且污水混(hun)合排(pai)放時(shi)，其水污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放濃度(du)執行其中最嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)排(pai)放限值(zhi)。

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