近年來，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)發展迅(xun)速，生活水平日益提高，城鎮(zhen)化速度(du)也在不(bu)斷加快。然而，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基礎設施建設較(jiao)薄(bo)弱，尤其是(shi)缺乏完善、統(tong)一的污(wu)(wu)水收集與處(chu)理系統(tong)，使得農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活污(wu)(wu)水和畜牧養殖等村(cun)鎮(zhen)企業廢(fei)水隨意排放，已造成地表水體(ti)的污(wu)(wu)染(ran)，致使我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)水環境嚴重惡化。目(mu)前，全國(guo)已有90%的水源水質(zhi)遭(zao)受了不(bu)同程度(du)的污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。

截至(zhi)目前，我國村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)水排(pai)水量(liang)占全(quan)國總污(wu)水排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)的(de)50%左右，然而(er)，鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)水處(chu)理率僅(jin)為(wei)14%,僅(jin)有3%的(de)村(cun)莊有污(wu)水處(chu)理設施，水污(wu)染問題已成為(wei)我國新農(nong)(nong)村(cun)建(jian)設和(he)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)化發展的(de)難(nan)題。保護城鎮(zhen)(zhen)水源，并逐步改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)水環(huan)境質量(liang)，必須加大(da)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)水處(chu)理力度(du)，不斷改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)生態環(huan)境質量(liang)。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境保護迫在(zai)眉(mei)睫，但(dan)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工作復雜而艱(jian)巨(ju)。首先，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)分(fen)布廣且分(fen)散(san)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人口數量多。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人口的聚居程度存在(zai)較大(da)(da)差別，使(shi)(shi)得(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體制(zhi)不能(neng)(neng)像(xiang)城(cheng)市一樣(yang)，采(cai)用一種排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體制(zhi)，也(ye)不能(neng)(neng)完(wan)全照搬城(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)采(cai)用的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工藝(yi)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收集與處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工藝(yi)應因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)，靈活多樣(yang)。根據聚居程度和(he)(he)地(di)(di)形特點(dian)等(deng)(deng),采(cai)用單(dan)戶、聯戶或集中的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收集方式；相應的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工藝(yi)宜(yi)采(cai)用分(fen)散(san)型污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工藝(yi)。其(qi)次，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)(di)域分(fen)布廣闊，部(bu)分(fen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)分(fen)散(san)于高原地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，部(bu)分(fen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)分(fen)散(san)于寒冷地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)；惡劣環境條件(jian)和(he)(he)不同生(sheng)活方式造成的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質差別較大(da)(da)等(deng)(deng)問(wen)題使(shi)(shi)得(de)單(dan)一處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)難于滿足(zu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的需(xu)求(qiu)。再其(qi)次，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多且分(fen)散(san)，除了(le)點(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，還有(you)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。點(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)主要包括(kuo)：生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮企業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)養殖廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)；農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)施用的化肥、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，以及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)固體廢(fei)棄物的任意(yi)排放等(deng)(deng)均(jun)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。在(zai)加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)可(ke)控點(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的同時，需(xu)同時采(cai)取措(cuo)施控制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。最后，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟(ji)(ji)發展不均(jun)衡(heng)導致(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)難度進(jin)一步(bu)加大(da)(da)，經濟(ji)(ji)發達(da)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)已部(bu)分(fen)收集，需(xu)進(jin)一步(bu)強化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；經濟(ji)(ji)欠發達(da)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)實(shi)現污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收集與處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)缺乏資金的支持(chi)。因此，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不但(dan)需(xu)因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)，采(cai)用多樣(yang)化的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)，而且，需(xu)要國(guo)(guo)家(jia)政策的引導和(he)(he)扶持(chi)。

農村污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)根本目的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于改善人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)，保護生態環(huan)境(jing)，以及(ji)防(fang)止疾病的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)染和傳(chuan)播(bo)，其治理(li)(li)重點(dian)主要(yao)有污水的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)集(ji)(ji)與污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)與回(hui)用兩個(ge)方面，污水收(shou)集(ji)(ji)宜采用分散污水收(shou)集(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)方式；處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)技(ji)術宜采用小規模(mo)地埋式污水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)技(ji)術。技(ji)術選(xuan)擇應遵循“因(yin)地制宜,美(mei)觀實用；多元(yuan)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，抗沖擊能(neng)力強；工程造價(jia)低，運行效果好；運行費用少，能(neng)耗(hao)低可持續；管理(li)(li)要(yao)方便,操作維護簡單；污水再回(hui)用,雨水資源化”的(de)(de)(de)原則。

目前(qian)，國(guo)外農村污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)大都以(yi)(yi)分(fen)散(san)型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模式(shi)和(he)原位(wei)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模式(shi)為(wei)主，丹麥環(huan)境與能源部和(he)美國(guo)國(guo)家環(huan)保部均推薦(jian)使(shi)用原位(wei)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統。西班牙、日本(ben)、瑞典和(he)挪(nuo)威等(deng)國(guo)家多采(cai)用分(fen)散(san)型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模式(shi)。分(fen)散(san)型(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模式(shi)以(yi)(yi)其布(bu)局靈活、施工(gong)簡單和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)方便等(deng)特點，在(zai)世界各(ge)地得(de)到廣泛應(ying)用。到目前(qian)為(wei)止，采(cai)用分(fen)散(san)形式(shi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)國(guo)家日漸增多，并取得(de)了很好的(de)成果。

國(guo)內環保企業(ye)和(he)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)院所已開展了村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方面的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，研(yan)(yan)(yan)究成果也不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷涌現。目(mu)前，國(guo)內采(cai)用(yong)較多(duo)的(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)分散污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，包括(kuo)活(huo)性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜法(fa)(fa)、膜技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、生(sheng)(sheng)態技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、土(tu)(tu)地處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)及塘(tang)系統(tong)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態組合技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等，其(qi)中(zhong)活(huo)性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)約占17%，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜法(fa)(fa)約占25%，膜技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)約占10%，生(sheng)(sheng)態技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)占13%，土(tu)(tu)地處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)及塘(tang)系統(tong)占6%，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)占23%，其(qi)他技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)約占6%。基于(yu)近年來各種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)實際應用(yong)情況，分析村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)展趨勢與(yu)(yu)市場需(xu)求(qiu)后，不(bu)(bu)(bu)難發(fa)(fa)現傳統(tong)單(dan)一(yi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)能夠滿足農(nong)村(cun)(cun)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)需(xu)求(qiu)，處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)呈現復(fu)(fu)合多(duo)元化(hua)(hua)態勢。復(fu)(fu)合多(duo)元化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)采(cai)用(yong)應重點考慮當地地理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)位置、地形地貌等自然(ran)環境條件。同(tong)(tong)時，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)設備設施(shi)應施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簡單(dan)，維護管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方便，因此，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)過程需(xu)將處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)單(dan)元高(gao)度(du)集成，研(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)出新型農(nong)村(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及成套化(hua)(hua)設備。目(mu)前，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)剛(gang)剛(gang)起步，應逐步形成適合不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)地區、不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質的(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系列化(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)系，同(tong)(tong)時加快制定和(he)推廣適用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)國(guo)情的(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、設備的(de)相(xiang)關標準。

北京排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)集團科(ke)技研發中心(xin)根據多年的(de)(de)實(shi)踐工(gong)程經驗，自主(zhu)研發了的(de)(de)無潷(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)器(qi)SBR工(gong)藝(yi)專利(li)技術。該工(gong)藝(yi)采用(yong)(yong)中心(xin)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)裝置進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，代替SBR工(gong)藝(yi)原有的(de)(de)潷(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)器(qi)，獲得較好(hao)的(de)(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)；新(xin)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)但簡化了工(gong)藝(yi)運行過(guo)程，而且，營(ying)造了良好(hao)的(de)(de)缺(que)氧、厭氧狀態(tai)，可實(shi)現深度脫氮除磷；反(fan)應(ying)池可建(jian)成(cheng)全地下(xia)式構筑物(wu)。該技術適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)、旅游區(qu)、風景區(qu)、別墅(shu)小區(qu)、度假區(qu)、療養院等(deng)與(yu)之類(lei)似(si)的(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)與(yu)回用(yong)(yong)。截至目前，該工(gong)藝(yi)已應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)多項(xiang)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)小區(qu)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)處理(li)和(he)回用(yong)(yong)工(gong)程，出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)滿足景觀(guan)及(ji)市政雜用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)需求。研發中心(xin)將在研究(jiu)生物(wu)濾池、人工(gong)濕(shi)地及(ji)膜(mo)處理(li)等(deng)工(gong)藝(yi)技術的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，加快科(ke)研成(cheng)果向設備產品的(de)(de)轉化，積極穩步地推進農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)研究(jiu)和(he)技術應(ying)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)作(zuo)，與(yu)各界同(tong)仁攜手(shou)共建(jian)碧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)繞、空氣清新(xin)、環(huan)境優美的(de)(de)新(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)。

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