技術準備：

十個國控點均能監測PM2.5

廣州(zhou)市環保部(bu)門有(you)沒有(you)能力監(jian)測(ce)(ce)PM2.5？帶著這(zhe)個問題，筆者(zhe)首先來到了監(jian)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)是監(jian)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)的(de)核心(xin)部(bu)門，監(jian)測(ce)(ce)人員在(zai)(zai)野外、污(wu)染源采(cai)集(ji)的(de)樣品都將在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)進行檢測(ce)(ce)，向公(gong)眾(zhong)發布和提供政府決策的(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)大(da)部(bu)分在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)產生。筆者(zhe)看到，在(zai)(zai)寬(kuan)敞明亮(liang)的(de)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)里(li)，擺放了一大(da)批包括液質(zhi)(zhi)聯(lian)機(ji)、氣質(zhi)(zhi)聯(lian)機(ji)、ICP－MS等高精尖的(de)儀(yi)器設(she)備。據(ju)(ju)技(ji)術(shu)人員介紹(shao)，監(jian)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)通過實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)國家認可和計量(liang)認證的(de)項目達八大(da)類431項，能夠滿足現在(zai)(zai)的(de)環境管理需(xu)要。

隨后筆者來到位(wei)于監測中心站樓(lou)頂(ding)的(de)環境空(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)量監測站點，據介紹，目前廣州共(gong)有(you)(you)十個國控環境空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測站。在監測站里(li)，筆者看(kan)到了(le)許多先進的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測儀(yi)(yi)器，除了(le)二氧(yang)化硫、二氧(yang)化氮、可(ke)吸(xi)入顆(ke)粒(li)(li)物（PM10）、細(xi)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)物（PM2.5）、揮(hui)發性有(you)(you)機物（VOC）、激光雷達(da)、全自動(dong)太陽分(fen)光光度計(ji)和(he)被動(dong)多軸差分(fen)吸(xi)收光譜(pu)等污(wu)染物濃度監測設備外，還有(you)(you)風廓線(xian)(xian)雷達(da)、溫廓線(xian)(xian)儀(yi)(yi)、云高儀(yi)(yi)等氣(qi)象觀測設備，同(tong)時(shi)還有(you)(you)粒(li)(li)徑分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)、碳黑(hei)儀(yi)(yi)、氣(qi)溶(rong)膠在線(xian)(xian)離子色(se)譜(pu)儀(yi)(yi)等用于探(tan)索研(yan)究的(de)監測設備。

對于(yu)筆者最關心的(de)(de)PM2.5自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)備，中心站的(de)(de)技術(shu)人員介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)了(le)(le)PM2.5自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)工作原理、質(zhi)(zhi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)規(gui)范要求等。據介(jie)(jie)紹(shao)，為了(le)(le)給污染(ran)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)研究(jiu)提(ti)供技術(shu)支撐，廣(guang)州市(shi)環境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)中心站已(yi)經于(yu)2009年(nian)開展了(le)(le)灰(hui)霾、溫(wen)室氣體(ti)(ti)研究(jiu)性試(shi)點監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)能(neng)力已(yi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過國(guo)家對城市(shi)環境空(kong)(kong)氣自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)站的(de)(de)要求，項目(mu)(mu)涵蓋了(le)(le)細顆粒物(wu)(wu)（PM2.5）質(zhi)(zhi)量濃度與粒徑分布、揮(hui)發性有(you)機物(wu)(wu)（VOCs）、能(neng)見度、有(you)機碳(tan)／無機碳(tan)等與灰(hui)霾有(you)關的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)指(zhi)標，以(yi)及(ji)二(er)氧化碳(tan)（CO2）、甲烷、非甲烷總烴等溫(wen)室氣體(ti)(ti)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)指(zhi)標，可進行大氣復(fu)合污染(ran)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)性監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。為提(ti)高環境監(jian)(jian)管能(neng)力，廣(guang)州提(ti)前(qian)布局，2010年(nian)，在各個國(guo)控(kong)(kong)點逐步配置了(le)(le)PM2.5的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)備。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)， 十個空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)量國(guo)控(kong)(kong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)站點均(jun)具備了(le)(le)PM2.5的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)能(neng)力。廣(guang)州市(shi)將(jiang)按照國(guo)家、省(sheng)的(de)(de)統一部署(shu)和時(shi)間表，發布PM2.5監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據。

未(wei)來(lai)，10個(ge)(ge)國(guo)控(kong)點(dian)能否準確反映廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)整體(ti)空(kong)氣(qi)PM2.5的(de)狀況？針(zhen)對這一問題，市(shi)環保(bao)局局長羅思源解釋(shi)稱(cheng)，目前廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)的(de)十個(ge)(ge)國(guo)控(kong)環境空(kong)氣(qi)自動監測站點(dian)位都是(shi)嚴格按照國(guo)家(jia)規范，經過科學論證，并(bing)經過國(guo)家(jia)、省環保(bao)部門的(de)審批后(hou)確定(ding)的(de)，能代(dai)表(biao)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)環境空(kong)氣(qi)質量(liang)總(zong)體(ti)水平。

另外，2010年(nian)廣州(zhou)市環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測中心站引(yin)入了(le)大氣邊界層監(jian)測技術和多源衛星遙(yao)感手(shou)段，建成了(le)多模式(shi)業務預(yu)報(bao)預(yu)警系統，能實現6－72小時的(de)空(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)預(yu)報(bao)，能動態展(zhan)示廣州(zhou)及(ji)珠三(san)角區域(yu)范圍的(de)空(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)空(kong)間變化和污(wu)染氣團軌跡，為空(kong)氣質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)預(yu)警提(ti)供較為充(chong)分的(de)依據。

防治準備：

標本兼治早已開展PM2.5防治

公布PM2.5監測數據會(hui)產生怎樣的影響？市(shi)環保局局長羅思源表(biao)示(shi)，如果將(jiang)PM2.5納(na)入空氣質量評(ping)價(jia)體(ti)系(xi)，預計廣(guang)州市(shi)部(bu)分(fen)時段、部(bu)分(fen)站點的空氣質量評(ping)價(jia)結(jie)果會(hui)不同(tong)，甚(shen)至會(hui)出現超標，具體(ti)情況要視新的評(ping)價(jia)體(ti)系(xi)和標準(zhun)正式公布后(hou)才能具體(ti)測算。

市(shi)環保局(ju)局(ju)長羅思源表示，針(zhen)對PM2.5問題，廣州市(shi)早已納(na)入(ru)(ru)“空氣整治50條”和“新31條”，采取了(le)一系列(lie)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)，如全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)完(wan)成(cheng)了(le)重點工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)脫硫(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)并投入(ru)(ru)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；在(zai)(zai)全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)率先控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)業(ye)氮(dan)氧化物(wu)排(pai)放，完(wan)成(cheng)包(bao)括所有(you)燃煤火(huo)電企(qi)業(ye)降(jiang)氮(dan)脫硝(xiao)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)并投入(ru)(ru)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；在(zai)(zai)全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)率先開展了(le)11個(ge)重點行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)4413家企(qi)業(ye)的(de)揮發性有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)排(pai)放控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)，并已全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)完(wan)成(cheng)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)514個(ge)加油(you)站、388輛油(you)罐車(che)(che)(che)、13座(zuo)儲油(you)庫(ku)的(de)油(you)氣回收治理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)；加強機(ji)(ji)(ji)動車(che)(che)(che)排(pai)氣污染綜合治理(li)(li)，先后實(shi)施(shi)了(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動車(che)(che)(che)國(guo)(guo)Ⅱ、國(guo)(guo)Ⅲ和國(guo)(guo)Ⅳ標(biao)準，全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)實(shi)施(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動車(che)(che)(che)環保標(biao)志管理(li)(li)，在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)心城區(qu)260平方公(gong)里的(de)區(qu)域(yu)限(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)黃標(biao)車(che)(che)(che)，2011年10月(yue)1日起，黃標(biao)車(che)(che)(che)限(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu)由(you)中(zhong)心城區(qu)擴展至花都(dou)、番禺、南沙區(qu)部(bu)分區(qu)域(yu)，限(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu)域(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)擴大至353平方公(gong)里；著(zhu)力采取措施(shi)強化對高污染車(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)淘汰(tai)和國(guo)(guo)Ⅰ、國(guo)(guo)Ⅱ柴油(you)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)污染控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)；提前淘汰(tai)了(le)91家落后水(shui)泥企(qi)業(ye)；要求全(quan)(quan)市(shi)建(jian)筑工(gong)地嚴格(ge)落實(shi)“六個(ge)100%”等。

未來舉措：

公布PM2.5將倒逼發展轉型深化治理

市環保(bao)局局長羅思源(yuan)表示(shi)，新(xin)標準(zhun)的實(shi)施，將(jiang)是在廣州對(dui)(dui)傳統污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)二氧化(hua)(hua)硫、氮氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)、可吸入顆粒物(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)控(kong)制取得(de)階段性成效(xiao)基礎上(shang)，對(dui)(dui)環境保(bao)護(hu)工作提出(chu)的新(xin)要求、新(xin)挑戰。

羅(luo)思源局長透(tou)露，為(wei)采取(qu)更全面、系統和(he)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)措施(shi)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PM2.5。下一(yi)步，廣州市(shi)將在(zai)此前已(yi)(yi)采取(qu)相關措施(shi)并(bing)已(yi)(yi)取(qu)得實效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)基礎上，著力(li)做(zuo)好以下6個方面的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)步嚴(yan)格(ge)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)源頭控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)2012年(nian)上半年(nian)，全面推廣使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)粵Ⅳ標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)車(che)用(yong)(yong)(yong)柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)，力(li)爭(zheng)2012年(nian)底，對柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)實施(shi)國(guo)Ⅳ標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)；繼續做(zuo)好環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)標(biao)志管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行(xing)黃標(biao)車(che)限(xian)行(xing)措施(shi)；采取(qu)措施(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)對國(guo)Ⅰ、國(guo)Ⅱ柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)車(che)的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；深(shen)化(hua)(hua)實施(shi)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)定(ding)期檢(jian)查與(yu)(yu)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)維護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)況法(fa)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，進(jin)一(yi)步加大對在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)車(che)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)力(li)度(du)(du)；積極推進(jin)新能(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)推廣應用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。二是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)火(huo)電機(ji)組(zu)脫硫(liu)、脫硝(xiao)、除塵設施(shi)的(de)升級改造與(yu)(yu)運行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，嚴(yan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)燃料(liao)品質(zhi)；擴大高污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燃料(liao)“禁(jin)燃區”，推廣使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)清潔能(neng)源；繼續大力(li)推進(jin)“退二”企業(ye)的(de)停業(ye)、關閉和(he)搬遷(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)；積極淘汰(tai)落后產(chan)(chan)能(neng)。三是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)揚塵污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)實施(shi)創(chuang)建(jian)揚塵污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，從施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地、余泥渣土運輸、道路、堆場(chang)、露天(tian)焚(fen)燒等方面進(jin)一(yi)步規范城市(shi)揚塵控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。四是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物排(pai)放控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、漆(qi)料(liao)、漆(qi)劑使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物排(pai)放控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以清潔生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)為(wei)抓(zhua)手(shou)加大對石化(hua)(hua)、化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及含揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物產(chan)(chan)品制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造企業(ye)和(he)印刷、家(jia)具制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造、汽(qi)(qi)車(che)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造、紡織印染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)等行(xing)業(ye)的(de)揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)力(li)度(du)(du)，創(chuang)建(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)樣板工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程；強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)庫(ku)、油(you)(you)(you)(you)車(che)、油(you)(you)(you)(you)站的(de)揮(hui)(hui)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物排(pai)放控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立日常管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，開(kai)展年(nian)度(du)(du)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，在(zai)成品油(you)(you)(you)(you)經營證書年(nian)度(du)(du)審驗、排(pai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)許(xu)可證年(nian)審、油(you)(you)(you)(you)罐(guan)車(che)年(nian)審環(huan)(huan)(huan)節依據監(jian)(jian)測(ce)結果加強(qiang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，確保(bao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設施(shi)正常運行(xing)并(bing)發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)穩定(ding)油(you)(you)(you)(you)氣(qi)(qi)回收效(xiao)(xiao)果，裝(zhuang)卸油(you)(you)(you)(you)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)規范操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。五是(shi)(shi)推動(dong)(dong)區域聯防(fang)聯控(kong)(kong)(kong)。研(yan)究表(biao)明，PM2.5作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)區域性(xing)(xing)問題，在(zai)城市(shi)群之間統籌考慮(lv)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，同步聯手(shou)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，才能(neng)達到最佳的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)果。下一(yi)步，我市(shi)將發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)中心城市(shi)的(de)帶動(dong)(dong)和(he)示(shi)范作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)廣佛同城化(hua)(hua)、廣佛肇經濟圈(quan)一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)平臺，積極爭(zheng)取(qu)省的(de)支持，通過(guo)創(chuang)建(jian)示(shi)范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程推動(dong)(dong)珠三角各(ge)地加大空氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)度(du)(du)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)灰(hui)霾，進(jin)一(yi)步改善(shan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境空氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量。

羅思源局長表示(shi)，PM2.5的監(jian)測和評價(jia)是一個以環保倒逼(bi)發(fa)展轉型的契機，是壓力，更是動力，可以更快推動我市產(chan)業結(jie)構(gou)、能(neng)(neng)源結(jie)構(gou)的調整；推動機動車(che)污染控制力度的加大；推動工(gong)業企業朝環保低碳、高效節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的發(fa)展方式轉變，實行(xing)清潔生(sheng)產(chan)，盡可能(neng)(neng)合(he)理利用(yong)(yong)清潔能(neng)(neng)源、開發(fa)利用(yong)(yong)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源，采用(yong)(yong)綠(lv)色工(gong)藝技術(shu)與(yu)設備，發(fa)展循環經(jing)濟(ji)；推動全社會環境意識的進(jin)一步提高，不斷促進(jin)廣州邁上(shang)經(jing)濟(ji)增量、污染減量的綠(lv)色發(fa)展之路。

近(jin)期，公(gong)眾(zhong)和媒(mei)(mei)體對PM2.5相關問題高(gao)度關注(zhu)，廣(guang)州市目(mu)前的(de)(de)環(huan)境監(jian)測能力，尤其對PM2.5的(de)(de)監(jian)測能力如何？2012年(nian)1月4日，廣(guang)州市環(huan)保局(ju)舉辦了(le)“讓(rang)監(jian)測走(zou)近(jin)生活，讓(rang)公(gong)眾(zhong)了(le)解(jie)監(jian)測”的(de)(de)活動，筆者走(zou)進了(le)廣(guang)州市環(huan)境監(jian)測的(de)(de)核心部門廣(guang)州市環(huan)境監(jian)測中(zhong)心站，通過技(ji)術人員的(de)(de)介紹和現場參觀，一探究竟(jing)。在現場，市環(huan)保局(ju)局(ju)長羅(luo)思源、副局(ju)長楊柳就目(mu)前媒(mei)(mei)體和公(gong)眾(zhong)關心的(de)(de)PM2.5問題作(zuo)出回應(ying)，并介紹了(le)環(huan)保部門為公(gong)布PM2.5所做(zuo)的(de)(de)準備，并將按省的(de)(de)統一部署，一旦(dan)國家確定標(biao)準立即對外公(gong)布監(jian)測結果(guo)。

鏈接：

1、PM2.5的(de)主要來源

專(zhuan)家介(jie)紹說，顆(ke)粒(li)物(wu)的細粒(li)子PM2.5主要(yao)來(lai)源于三個途(tu)徑，一是來(lai)自(zi)(zi)于污染源的直接排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)，主要(yao)是來(lai)自(zi)(zi)工業排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)、機動車(che)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)、道路和建筑(zhu)工地施工、露天焚燒等(deng)。二是由空氣中的污染物(wu)相互作用(yong)反應生成(cheng)，如大氣中的氧(yang)化(hua)型物(wu)質將(jiang)工業排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的二氧(yang)化(hua)硫氧(yang)化(hua)成(cheng)硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)，將(jiang)工業和機動車(che)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的氮(dan)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)氧(yang)化(hua)成(cheng)硝酸(suan)鹽(yan)，將(jiang)機動車(che)、化(hua)工行業、加油站等(deng)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的揮發性有機物(wu)（VOC）氧(yang)化(hua)成(cheng)顆(ke)粒(li)態(tai)有機物(wu)（即氣溶膠）。三是是來(lai)自(zi)(zi)于海洋、土壤和生物(wu)圈等(deng)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)環(huan)境的釋放(fang)(fang)(fang)。

2、PM2.5監測儀器的主(zhu)要工作原理

市環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測站(zhan)技(ji)術人員(yuan)向(xiang)筆(bi)者介紹(shao)了PM2.5監(jian)(jian)測儀器的(de)工作原理。據(ju)介紹(shao)，目前(qian)國家認可(ke)的(de)PM2.5自動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測常用(yong)(yong)的(de)有振蕩微量天(tian)平和β射線吸收(shou)技(ji)術。監(jian)(jian)測系(xi)統利用(yong)(yong)切割原理采(cai)集大氣PM2.5樣品，通過上述兩(liang)種技(ji)術測量大氣中(zhong)PM2.5的(de)質量濃度(du)。目前(qian)廣州(zhou)市環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測中(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)兩(liang)種方法均有采(cai)用(yong)(yong)。

（1）振蕩(dang)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)天(tian)平：該方法是在(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)傳感器內使用一個(ge)振蕩(dang)空(kong)(kong)心(xin)錐形(xing)(xing)管，在(zai)空(kong)(kong)心(xin)錐形(xing)(xing)管振蕩(dang)端上(shang)(shang)安放可更換的(de)(de)濾(lv)膜，振蕩(dang)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)取決于錐形(xing)(xing)管特(te)性和它的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。當采樣氣流(liu)通過濾(lv)膜，其中的(de)(de)顆粒(li)物(wu)(wu)沉積在(zai)濾(lv)膜上(shang)(shang)，濾(lv)膜質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)化(hua)導致振蕩(dang)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)化(hua)，通過測量(liang)(liang)振蕩(dang)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)計算出沉積在(zai)濾(lv)膜上(shang)(shang)顆粒(li)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，在(zai)根(gen)據采樣流(liu)量(liang)(liang)、采樣現(xian)場(chang)環境(jing)溫度(du)(du)和氣壓計算出該時段的(de)(de)顆粒(li)物(wu)(wu)標(biao)準態質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃度(du)(du)。

（2）β射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)吸(xi)收技術：該方法(fa)利(li)用(yong)β射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)衰減量(liang)測試采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)期間增加的(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)物(wu)質(zhi)量(liang)。環境空(kong)氣由采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)泵吸(xi)入采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)管，經過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)膜后排出(chu)。顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)物(wu)沉(chen)(chen)積在采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)濾(lv)(lv)膜上，當β射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)通過(guo)沉(chen)(chen)積著顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)膜時(shi)β射(she)(she)線(xian)(xian)能量(liang)衰減，通過(guo)對(dui)衰減量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測定計算出(chu)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)。

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