人(ren)多水少，水資源時空分布不均是我國(guo)的基本(ben)國(guo)情、水情。水資源供需矛盾突出，是制約中國(guo)可持續發展的主要(yao)瓶頸。因此，要(yao)實行(xing)最嚴(yan)格的水資源管理(li)制度，把嚴(yan)格水資源管理(li)作為(wei)加快轉變(bian)經濟發展方式的戰略舉(ju)措(cuo)，同時，推進(jin)水資源監測(ce)能力(li)建設。

最嚴(yan)格體現在哪兒？

四項制度(du)和(he)三條紅線

今年1月國務院頒(ban)布(bu)《關于實(shi)行(xing)最嚴格(ge)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)意見》，對實(shi)行(xing)最嚴格(ge)的(de)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)做出全面部署和(he)具體安排。實(shi)行(xing)最嚴格(ge)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理內(nei)容主要是建(jian)立4項制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、確立3條(tiao)紅(hong)(hong)線。其中，4項制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)分(fen)別為:用水(shui)(shui)總量控制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、用水(shui)(shui)效率(lv)控制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)能區(qu)限制(zhi)(zhi)納(na)污(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理責任與考察制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。針對這4項制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，劃(hua)定了3條(tiao)紅(hong)(hong)線，分(fen)別是水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)開發利用控制(zhi)(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)線、用水(shui)(shui)效率(lv)控制(zhi)(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)線和(he)水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)能區(qu)限制(zhi)(zhi)納(na)污(wu)紅(hong)(hong)線。

4項制度(du)和3條(tiao)紅線(xian)基本(ben)涵(han)蓋了水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)過度(du)開發問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)、缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)與浪(lang)費并(bing)存(cun)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)環境污染問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，也基本(ben)包括了水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)開發利用的取水(shui)(shui)(shui)、用水(shui)(shui)(shui)和納污三大環節。水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)管(guan)理的3條(tiao)紅線(xian)是(shi)針對水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)開發利用中供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、用水(shui)(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)的全過程管(guan)理，強調了對水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)、節約(yue)、保(bao)護全方位管(guan)理。3條(tiao)紅線(xian)互為支(zhi)撐、相互管(guan)理，是(shi)具有內在邏(luo)輯的整體(ti)，充(chong)分體(ti)現(xian)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)、節約(yue)、保(bao)護并(bing)重的實踐要求。

與確立(li)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)開發利用控制(zhi)(zhi)紅線(xian)相對應的(de)是建立(li)用水(shui)(shui)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，主要做以下幾項(xiang)工作(zuo):第一，建立(li)覆(fu)蓋流域和(he)(he)區域的(de)用水(shui)(shui)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)指標體系和(he)(he)取水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)指標體系，制(zhi)(zhi)定主要跨省江河水(shui)(shui)量(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)案(an)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)區域年度(du)計劃用水(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)。第二，重點推(tui)進水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)論證、取水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可等(deng)重點制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)建設，以規劃和(he)(he)前置管(guan)理(li)實(shi)現用水(shui)(shui)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)。第三，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)地下水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)保護，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)統一調度(du)和(he)(he)國家水(shui)(shui)權(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)建設等(deng)重點領域的(de)工作(zuo)。

開發(fa)利用控(kong)制紅線:管住(zhu)取水(shui)

水資源(yuan)開(kai)發利用控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)紅(hong)線確定，到2030年(nian)，全國用水總量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在7000億立方米以內。取水總量已經達到或超過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)總量的地區，暫停審批(pi)建(jian)設項目新(xin)增取水；取水總量接近指標的地區，限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)審批(pi)建(jian)設項目新(xin)增取水，目前(qian)這些措施在山東(dong)省(sheng)等(deng)部分省(sheng)區已經實(shi)施。

針對水資源開發控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)紅線和制(zhi)(zhi)度建設(she)，已展(zhan)(zhan)開相(xiang)關(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)。比如，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)及階(jie)段性(xing)目標(biao)逐級分解(jie)工(gong)作(zuo)，現在正(zheng)把用(yong)水總量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)逐級分解(jie)到七大流(liu)域(yu)、31個省。同(tong)時，加強(qiang)完成主要江河水量(liang)(liang)分配，完善(shan)用(yong)水定額指(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)系，開展(zhan)(zhan)核(he)定水功能(neng)區(qu)納污能(neng)力(li)，提出限制(zhi)(zhi)排污總量(liang)(liang)意見。

用水效率(lv)紅線(xian):推(tui)動節水

建立(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效率(lv)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，確立(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效率(lv)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紅線，包(bao)括3項主要(yao)工作:第一，建立(li)涵蓋區域行(xing)業(ye)和用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)品的用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效率(lv)指標體系，推進(jin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定額與計劃管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，加(jia)快制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定行(xing)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定額、高耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工業(ye)和服務(wu)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定額的國家標準(zhun)，加(jia)快節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性標準(zhun)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和推行(xing)。第二，建立(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)單位(wei)重點監(jian)控(kong)名錄，強化(hua)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)監(jian)控(kong)管(guan)理(li)，加(jia)強缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地區高耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工業(ye)項目(mu)準(zhun)入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、建設項目(mu)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)“三同時”等相關制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度建設。第三，切實(shi)推進(jin)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)改造，節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)技術普(pu)及推廣與節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)示范工程建設，著力降低城(cheng)鎮供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網的破損(sun)率(lv)，鼓勵污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)回用(yong)(yong)，非常規水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源開發(fa)利(li)用(yong)(yong)。

用水(shui)(shui)(shui)效率控制(zhi)(zhi)紅線(xian)要求(qiu)，到(dao)2030年，我國用水(shui)(shui)(shui)效率達到(dao)或接(jie)近世界先進水(shui)(shui)(shui)平；萬元(yuan)工業增(zeng)加值用水(shui)(shui)(shui)量，以2000年不變價(jia)計(ji)算，降低到(dao)40立方米以下。全面建設(she)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)型(xing)社會是(shi)建立用水(shui)(shui)(shui)效率控制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的重要舉(ju)措，是(shi)解決(jue)我國水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源短(duan)缺的根本措施(shi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部從2001年開始(shi)，陸續在全國開展100個節水(shui)(shui)(shui)型(xing)社會試點。

限制納(na)污(wu)紅線:加快治理

建(jian)立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)納(na)污(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、確(que)立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)納(na)污(wu)紅線(xian)的工作(zuo)中，包(bao)括(kuo)開展基于水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區劃從嚴核定水(shui)(shui)域的納(na)污(wu)容量(liang)，根據水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區階段性保護(hu)目標，確(que)定不同階段入河(he)(he)排污(wu)限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總量(liang)；嚴格入河(he)(he)排污(wu)口管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，達到水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)排污(wu)總量(liang)的地區，要限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)審批新(xin)增取(qu)水(shui)(shui)和(he)入河(he)(he)排污(wu)口，同時建(jian)立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區水(shui)(shui)質評價體系，完善水(shui)(shui)質監督管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)；強化以飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地為重(zhong)點的水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地保護(hu)，包(bao)括(kuo)劃定飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)保護(hu)區、強化飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)的應急管(guan)理(li)，并建(jian)立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)生態補償(chang)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

水(shui)(shui)功能區限制(zhi)納污紅線(xian)規定，到2030年(nian)，我國主要(yao)(yao)污染物(wu)入(ru)河(he)總量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在水(shui)(shui)功能區納污能力(li)范(fan)圍(wei)之內，重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)江(jiang)河(he)湖(hu)泊水(shui)(shui)功能區水(shui)(shui)質達標(biao)(biao)率(lv)95％以(yi)上。階段性(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)目標(biao)(biao)為，到2015年(nian)，重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)江(jiang)河(he)湖(hu)泊水(shui)(shui)功能區水(shui)(shui)質達標(biao)(biao)率(lv)60％以(yi)上；到2020年(nian)，重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)江(jiang)河(he)湖(hu)泊水(shui)(shui)功能區水(shui)(shui)質達標(biao)(biao)率(lv)80％以(yi)上，城鎮供水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)水(shui)(shui)質全面達標(biao)(biao)。

建立水(shui)功(gong)能(neng)區限制(zhi)納污(wu)(wu)制(zhi)度(du)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)加(jia)快(kuai)治理(li)水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)，要(yao)(yao)從嚴(yan)核定(ding)水(shui)域納污(wu)(wu)總量、強化入河排污(wu)(wu)口(kou)監督管理(li)、加(jia)快(kuai)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的江(jiang)河湖泊水(shui)環境(jing)治理(li)、改善(shan)重(zhong)點流域水(shui)環境(jing)質量、嚴(yan)格飲用(yong)水(shui)水(shui)源保護(hu)、確保供水(shui)安全等。

如何保(bao)證“嚴(yan)格”？

要建立(li)“能操作、可(ke)檢查、易考(kao)核、有獎懲”的水資源管理責(ze)任與(yu)考(kao)核制(zhi)度(du)

2011年，中央一號文件明確(que)要求(qiu)，縣以上地方政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)要負責對本行政(zheng)區域水資源管(guan)理和(he)保(bao)護工作負責，科學確(que)立考(kao)核制度，強化監督管(guan)理考(kao)核。

為明確管理責任(ren)和(he)考(kao)(kao)核(he)制(zhi)度(du)，確定了(le)思想可(ke)量化(hua)的(de)考(kao)(kao)核(he)制(zhi)度(du)，如用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)總量制(zhi)度(du)、萬元工業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)加值用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)量、農田(tian)灌溉水(shui)有效利用(yong)(yong)(yong)系數(shu)、水(shui)功能(neng)區達標(biao)率等。其中，萬元工業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)加值用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)量和(he)農田(tian)灌溉水(shui)有效利用(yong)(yong)(yong)系數(shu)的(de)確立(li)，可(ke)以(yi)控制(zhi)80％左右的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)，因(yin)(yin)為目前我國(guo)農業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)占(zhan)60％，工業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)占(zhan)24％。但是，一些省區的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)比(bi)(bi)例有所不同，比(bi)(bi)如廣東省工業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)結(jie)構(gou)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)低(di)于第(di)三產(chan)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)，因(yin)(yin)此考(kao)(kao)核(he)指標(biao)中增(zeng)加了(le)萬元GDP指標(biao)。

通過對(dui)幾個(ge)指標的考核(he)，建(jian)立(li)“能操作、可(ke)檢查(cha)、易考核(he)、有獎懲(cheng)”的水(shui)資(zi)源管理責任與(yu)考核(he)制(zhi)(zhi)度，同時，健全水(shui)資(zi)源監(jian)(jian)控體系、水(shui)資(zi)源監(jian)(jian)測(ce)用水(shui)計量與(yu)統計的標準制(zhi)(zhi)度，加強重點水(shui)功能區(qu)水(shui)質水(shui)量檢測(ce)能力(li)建(jian)設。

以前(qian)沒有確定過4項(xiang)制度、3條紅線等目標(biao)，因此，與傳統水資(zi)源管(guan)理(li)相比，最嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)水資(zi)源管(guan)理(li)制度的特點是管(guan)理(li)目標(biao)更明(ming)晰(xi)，管(guan)理(li)體系(xi)更加嚴(yan)密，管(guan)理(li)措施(shi)更嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)，責任(ren)主(zhu)體更加明(ming)確。

實(shi)行(xing)最(zui)嚴(yan)格水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理制度(du)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監控(kong)(kong)能力提出(chu)新(xin)的(de)要(yao)求，但是(shi)，現在的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理基礎薄(bo)弱，不能滿足(zu)實(shi)行(xing)最(zui)嚴(yan)格水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理制度(du)新(xin)要(yao)求。比如(ru)，現在公(gong)報的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)多數(shu)(shu)依靠統計渠道，實(shi)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)比例不高；不能有(you)效監控(kong)(kong)到用水(shui)(shui)(shui)浪費、污水(shui)(shui)(shui)亂排等(deng)現象(xiang)；對(dui)突(tu)發的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污染(ran)事件信息掌握(wo)不及時，沒有(you)實(shi)時監控(kong)(kong)或監測頻次不夠；落實(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理責(ze)任(ren)和考核制度(du)比較困難(nan)。

三大監控體(ti)系怎(zen)么建？

針對重要(yao)(yao)取(qu)用水(shui)戶、重要(yao)(yao)水(shui)功能區(qu)、主要(yao)(yao)省界(jie)斷面

在國(guo)家水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)控(kong)能力建(jian)設(she)中，設(she)定的目標為:從今年開始(shi)，用3年時間完(wan)成近(jin)期建(jian)設(she)任務，基(ji)(ji)本建(jian)立與(yu)(yu)用水(shui)總(zong)量控(kong)制、用水(shui)效率控(kong)制和(he)水(shui)功(gong)能區限制納(na)污相(xiang)適應的重(zhong)要(yao)取水(shui)戶、重(zhong)要(yao)水(shui)功(gong)能區和(he)主(zhu)要(yao)省界斷(duan)面三大監(jian)控(kong)體(ti)系(xi)，基(ji)(ji)本建(jian)立國(guo)家水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管理系(xi)統框(kuang)架，初步(bu)形成與(yu)(yu)實行(xing)最嚴(yan)格(ge)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管理制度相(xiang)適應的水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)控(kong)能力，逐(zhu)步(bu)增強支撐最嚴(yan)格(ge)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管理制度和(he)3條(tiao)紅線監(jian)督考核的能力。

與4項考核指標(biao)對應，應基本建(jian)成重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)取(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶、重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)功能區(qu)(qu)(qu)、主要(yao)(yao)省(sheng)界斷面(mian)三大監(jian)(jian)控體系，取(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)控體系涵(han)蓋工業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)公共集中供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，包(bao)括湖庫取(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、河道取(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、調(diao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)取(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)取(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)；重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)功能區(qu)(qu)(qu)的監(jian)(jian)控包(bao)括一級區(qu)(qu)(qu)的保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、保留區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)開發利用(yong)(yong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，二級區(qu)(qu)(qu)的飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源區(qu)(qu)(qu)、非飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源區(qu)(qu)(qu)(工業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、漁業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、景觀娛樂用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、過(guo)渡(du)區(qu)(qu)(qu)等(deng))；省(sheng)界斷面(mian)監(jian)(jian)控包(bao)括省(sheng)界緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)等(deng)。

水(shui)(shui)功能區(qu)國(guo)控(kong)檢測(ce)點選取方面(mian)(mian)，把列入(ru)(ru)(ru)《全國(guo)重(zhong)要江河(he)湖泊水(shui)(shui)功能區(qu)劃(hua)》的水(shui)(shui)功能區(qu)作為重(zhong)點，其中(zhong)省(sheng)界(jie)緩沖區(qu)納入(ru)(ru)(ru)省(sheng)界(jie)斷面(mian)(mian)監測(ce)。目前(qian)，已核準公布了175個(ge)國(guo)家重(zhong)要飲用水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源地(di)，其中(zhong)地(di)表水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源地(di)173個(ge)。省(sheng)界(jie)斷面(mian)(mian)國(guo)控(kong)監測(ce)點選取方面(mian)(mian)，原則上把大江大河(he)干(gan)流的省(sheng)界(jie)；流域內一(yi)級支流或水(shui)(shui)系集水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)積大于1000平(ping)方千(qian)米的河(he)流所涉及的省(sheng)界(jie)；重(zhong)要調水(shui)(shui)工程沿線跨省(sheng)界(jie)、跨流域的檢測(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)；水(shui)(shui)系集水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)積雖然小于1000平(ping)方千(qian)米，但處于水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)敏(min)感區(qu)或水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)污染嚴(yan)重(zhong)的河(he)流所涉及的省(sheng)界(jie)和監測(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)納入(ru)(ru)(ru)國(guo)控(kong)點。

如(ru)何建設三(san)級信(xin)息平臺？

做好(hao)頂層設計(ji)，統一信息平臺(tai)，三級分別部署建設；達到(dao)紅線能(neng)顯、現狀(zhuang)能(neng)監、管理有(you)措、決策(ce)有(you)助

為給實行最(zui)嚴格(ge)水(shui)資源(yuan)管理制度和(he)考(kao)核工(gong)作(zuo)提供技(ji)術支撐，應基本建立(li)國家水(shui)資源(yuan)管理系統框架，實現中央、流域(yu)和(he)省級水(shui)資源(yuan)管理過(guo)程重要(yao)信(xin)息互聯互通(tong)，以(yi)及主要(yao)水(shui)資源(yuan)管理業(ye)務的在線(xian)處理。

三(san)級信(xin)(xin)息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)建設(she)方面，要考慮做好頂層設(she)計(ji)，統一(yi)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)，三(san)級分別部署建設(she)。總(zong)體設(she)想為，在中央平(ping)臺(tai)某區域用水總(zong)量超過(guo)紅(hong)線(xian)或接近紅(hong)線(xian)時，系統自動預(yu)警(jing)，為管(guan)理提供支持。

水(shui)(shui)資源管理系(xi)統建設的(de)主要功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)支(zhi)撐3條紅線(xian)管理，簡單說是(shi)達到紅線(xian)能(neng)顯、現(xian)(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)能(neng)監(jian)、管理有措、決(jue)策(ce)有助。系(xi)統建成后將(jiang)對(dui)全國70％以上的(de)許可取水(shui)(shui)量(liang)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在線(xian)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)監(jian)測，對(dui)80％的(de)重要江河(he)湖泊水(shui)(shui)功(gong)能(neng)區實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測，對(dui)主要江河(he)干(gan)流及(ji)一(yi)級支(zhi)流省界斷面實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測全覆蓋，水(shui)(shui)量(liang)監(jian)測覆蓋率(lv)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)大幅提(ti)高，為實(shi)行最嚴格水(shui)(shui)資源管理提(ti)供決(jue)策(ce)支(zhi)撐。

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