摘(zhai)要(yao):電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)加工產生(sheng)的(de)含(han)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)離子廢水(shui)(shui)數量大，成分復(fu)雜。重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)廢水(shui)(shui)對生(sheng)態環(huan)境危(wei)害極(ji)大。重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)離子富集在人(ren)體內(nei)可致癌、致畸和致染色體異常(chang)。重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理已列(lie)入國家“十二五”規劃。源(yuan)頭控制，過(guo)程阻(zu)斷，末端(duan)治(zhi)(zhi)理達標排放(fang)是治(zhi)(zhi)理重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污染有效(xiao)手(shou)段;從(cong)長遠考慮，應(ying)創新重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)整治(zhi)(zhi)技術;開展清潔生(sheng)產和循環(huan)經濟，使電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)產生(sheng)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)廢水(shui)(shui)數量和危(wei)害最小(xiao)化，最終(zhong)實現回(hui)收利用的(de)目標。  

關(guan)鍵詞:電鍍廢(fei)水(shui);重金屬;污染(ran)治理  

中(zhong)圖分類號:X703文獻標識碼(ma):B  

引言  

電鍍(du)是(shi)一門表(biao)面處(chu)理(li)技(ji)術，又稱電沉積，是(shi)在材(cai)料表(biao)面獲得金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鍍(du)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要方法，是(shi)對國民經濟各行業(ye)(ye)發展起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工技(ji)術［1-2］。電鍍(du)加(jia)(jia)工鍍(du)種繁多，應用(yong)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)有鍍(du)鋅、銅、鎳(nie)、鉻、錫、鉛及(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀等。電鍍(du)行業(ye)(ye)是(shi)消耗金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)、水(shui)資源及(ji)能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)(ye)大戶，排放(fang)含有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)廢(fei)水(shui)是(shi)電鍍(du)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征之一。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)是(shi)危害(hai)自然生態(tai)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要污染(ran)物，國家“十二(er)五”規劃要求(qiu)把重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)防治擺在更加(jia)(jia)緊迫、更加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置。如何(he)治理(li)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)電鍍(du)廢(fei)水(shui)已成(cheng)為電鍍(du)行業(ye)(ye)乃至全社會共同關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。本文就電鍍(du)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)廢(fei)水(shui)治理(li)提幾(ji)點粗淺(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)看法。  

1·重金(jin)屬電(dian)鍍(du)廢水(shui)的來源及危害  

電鍍(du)生產工藝復雜(za)，工序繁多。含重金(jin)屬廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)的來源主要有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾方面:1)前處理(li)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)。電鍍(du)中(zhong)普遍采(cai)用(yong)鹽酸、硫酸進行(xing)除(chu)銹、除(chu)氧化(hua)皮及浸蝕處理(li)，工件基體重金(jin)屬離子溶解在清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)液中(zhong);2)電鍍(du)工藝過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(包(bao)括化(hua)學拋光(guang)和電化(hua)學拋光(guang))各(ge)工序清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)水(shui)。清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)水(shui)中(zhong)含有(you)重金(jin)屬鹽類、表(biao)面活性劑(ji)、絡(luo)合(he)物和光(guang)亮劑(ji)等。清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)占電鍍(du)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)的絕大部(bu)分;3)廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)(qi)電鍍(du)液。長(chang)期使用(yong)的鍍(du)液，雜(za)質不斷(duan)積(ji)累，當難以(yi)去除(chu)時，不得不將一部(bu)分或全部(bu)廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)(qi);化(hua)學鍍(du)液超過(guo)使用(yong)周期也會形(xing)成含重金(jin)屬廢(fei)(fei)液;4)其他(ta)廢(fei)(fei)液。包(bao)括不合(he)格的工件退鍍(du)、鍍(du)液分析、清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)濾(lv)芯、清(qing)(qing)洗(xi)生產場地(di)、廢(fei)(fei)氣治理(li)的廢(fei)(fei)液及各(ge)種設備的“跑、冒、滴、漏”造成的廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)。  

不(bu)(bu)難看出電鍍產生的(de)(de)含(han)(han)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)離(li)子(zi)的(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)數量很(hen)大，成(cheng)分繁(fan)雜。據不(bu)(bu)完全統計(ji)，我國(guo)(guo)電鍍企業已有(you)(you)15000家(jia)，每年(nian)排放含(han)(han)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)4億(yi)m3［3］。電鍍廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)如不(bu)(bu)進(jin)行(xing)處理(li)將是(shi)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)環境污(wu)染(ran)(ran)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)巨大浪費。電鍍廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)環保方(fang)面認定的(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)主要有(you)(you)鉻、銅、鎳、鉛、鋅(xin)及鎘等。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)自然界中(zhong)難以降解(jie)，有(you)(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)隱蔽性(xing)和富(fu)集性(xing)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排入水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)造(zao)成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質變(bian)壞，Cr(Ⅵ)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)超過10mg/L可造(zao)成(cheng)多數水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)生物死亡(wang)。2012年(nian)1月，廣西龍江宜州拉浪段(duan)發(fa)現鎘污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，造(zao)成(cheng)133萬尾魚苗和4萬kg成(cheng)魚死亡(wang)。用含(han)(han)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)灌農田(tian)會影響農作物的(de)(de)產量和品質，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時造(zao)成(cheng)農作物絕收。我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)土資(zi)源(yuan)部曾公開表示，我國(guo)(guo)每年(nian)有(you)(you)1200萬噸糧食遭(zao)到重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，直接經濟損失200億(yi)元以上［4］。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)對(dui)人(ren)的(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)極大，水(shui)(shui)(shui)生動植物從污(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)攝取重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)體內(nei)富(fu)集，通過食物鏈進(jin)入人(ren)體，在(zai)人(ren)體的(de)(de)某些器(qi)官積(ji)蓄(xu)起來造(zao)成(cheng)慢性(xing)中(zhong)毒(du)。20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代(dai)，日本發(fa)生的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)俁病和骨(gu)痛(tong)病就是(shi)由(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)汞(gong)和鎘引起的(de)(de)。后來的(de)(de)研究(jiu)證明(ming)，鎘在(zai)人(ren)體內(nei)會取代(dai)鈣(gai)形成(cheng)鎘硫(liu)蛋(dan)白，通過血液(ye)循環輸送至全身積(ji)蓄(xu)于肝臟和腎臟，造(zao)成(cheng)骨(gu)質疏松，骨(gu)骼萎縮變(bian)脆，并引起貧血。現代(dai)醫學研究(jiu)表明(ming)，一(yi)些重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)離(li)子(zi)進(jin)入人(ren)體會使人(ren)致(zhi)癌、致(zhi)畸、致(zhi)染(ran)(ran)色體突變(bian)，潛伏期可達數十年(nian)，一(yi)旦發(fa)病后果不(bu)(bu)堪設想，有(you)(you)人(ren)把重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)形容為(wei)“慢刀子(zi)殺(sha)人(ren)”，是(shi)“生物定時炸彈”。

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