我(wo)們(men)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)有多少被(bei)污染(ran)了？中國的土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤重(zhong)金屬污染(ran)已(yi)(yi)威脅到糧(liang)食(shi)這(zhe)一(yi)民生命脈。由于我(wo)們(men)賴以生存的土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤受到嚴重(zhong)污染(ran)，有害物質已(yi)(yi)經隨著糧(liang)食(shi)、飲(yin)水(shui)被(bei)“端上”我(wo)們(men)的餐桌。“舌尖上的安全(quan)(quan)”成為公眾最(zui)為關注的話題。“鎘大(da)米”、重(zhong)金屬蔬菜等(deng)諸多食(shi)品安全(quan)(quan)事(shi)件時有發(fa)生，危(wei)害人民健康(kang)。在空氣(qi)、水(shui)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤三大(da)危(wei)機中，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤重(zhong)金屬污染(ran)是當今環(huan)境污染(ran)中污染(ran)面積最(zui)廣、危(wei)害最(zui)大(da)的環(huan)境問題之一(yi)。

“據我國農業(ye)部調查數據，在(zai)全(quan)國約140萬公(gong)頃的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)灌區中(zhong)，受(shou)重(zhong)金屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)土地(di)面(mian)積(ji)占污(wu)(wu)(wu)灌區面(mian)積(ji)的(de)64.8%，其(qi)中(zhong)輕度污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)46.7%，中(zhong)度污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)9.7%，嚴重(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)8.4%。目前，全(quan)國耕地(di)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)10%以上(shang)受(shou)重(zhong)金屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，約有1.5億畝(mu)(mu)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)水灌溉(gai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)耕地(di)3250萬畝(mu)(mu)，固(gu)體廢棄(qi)物堆積(ji)占地(di)和(he)毀田200萬畝(mu)(mu)，其(qi)中(zhong)多數集中(zhong)在(zai)經濟相對發達(da)地(di)區。”上(shang)海交(jiao)通大(da)學農業(ye)與(yu)生(sheng)物學院教授(shou)、上(shang)海市(shi)畜牧獸醫學會常(chang)務理事徐建雄教授(shou)一開場就用數據表(biao)達(da)了深深的(de)憂慮(lv)。

正(zheng)是(shi)由于土壤污(wu)染(ran)治理具有持續時間長(chang)、污(wu)染(ran)隱蔽、無(wu)法被生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解、在不同地(di)域(yu)反映出不同污(wu)染(ran)特點(dian)，被環境學界喻為“化(hua)學定時炸彈”。在徐(xu)教授的(de)(de)(de)眼中(zhong)，土壤重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)不可(ke)估(gu)量(liang)。土壤重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)包括(kuo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毒(du)性顯著的(de)(de)(de)元素如Cd（鎘）、Pb（鉛）、Hg（汞）、Cr（鉻）、As（砷(shen)），以(yi)及有一定毒(du)性的(de)(de)(de)元素如Cu（銅）、Zn（鋅）、Ni（鎳）。過(guo)量(liang)重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)將(jiang)對(dui)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理功能產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不良影響，使其營養失調。“這些都會導(dao)致(zhi)土壤退化(hua)，農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產量(liang)和質量(liang)下降，并通過(guo)徑流、淋失作(zuo)用污(wu)染(ran)地(di)表水(shui)和地(di)下水(shui)。”重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)在土壤中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)積累、遷移，不僅危害區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態安全，影響動植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)發育，而且通過(guo)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈進入人(ren)(ren)體(ti)，導(dao)致(zhi)一些慢性病、畸形、癌(ai)癥的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。徐(xu)建雄教授指出：“重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)可(ke)通過(guo)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈富(fu)集并生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成毒(du)性更強的(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)基(ji)化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，毒(du)害食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，最終在人(ren)(ren)體(ti)內積累，危害人(ren)(ren)類健康。”

徐建(jian)雄教授闡(chan)釋說，畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元素(su)及重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染是(shi)一個不(bu)容忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)。為(wei)了提高(gao)飼(si)(si)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)率，促進(jin)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)生(sheng)(sheng)長發(fa)育(yu)，增(zeng)強(qiang)其抗病能力，很(hen)多(duo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)微量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元素(su)被(bei)用(yong)作(zuo)飼(si)(si)料添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)。大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)，不(bu)僅使畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)產品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)殘留超標(biao)，而且因(yin)動物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收率很(hen)低，畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)隨(sui)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)而大大增(zeng)高(gao)。在(zai)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，銅和鋅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接排泄量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)95％以(yi)上(shang)。由于(yu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)動物(wu)體內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)富集作(zuo)用(yong)，糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)較飼(si)(si)料中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)要高(gao)出數倍以(yi)上(shang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大多(duo)數重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)一旦進(jin)入土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)則(ze)很(hen)難去除(chu)。因(yin)此，長期(qi)施用(yong)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)可(ke)能導致土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)累積以(yi)及作(zuo)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。“如長期(qi)使用(yong)洛克沙砷(shen)作(zuo)為(wei)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養殖豬(zhu)場(chang)，無(wu)論是(shi)地表徑流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)或(huo)是(shi)施用(yong)糞肥(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都檢出了比正常(chang)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砷(shen)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。隨(sui)著土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)形態很(hen)可(ke)能發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化而從土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶出進(jin)入水(shui)體，威脅人體健康。”徐教授痛心地指出：“治理(li)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)糞便(bian)(bian)(bian)對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染，應從畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)飼(si)(si)料源頭上(shang)控制。”

他解釋說(shuo)，畜禽(qin)飼料(liao)需要(yao)研究畜禽(qin)不(bu)同生(sheng)長發育階段對微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)需要(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、不(bu)同微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)之間(jian)的(de)最(zui)佳劑(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)及比例關系，根據(ju)動物需要(yao)合(he)理添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)。開發生(sheng)物利(li)用率(lv)高(gao)的(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)如有機微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)、納米微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)，建(jian)立(li)行業標準或立(li)法限制飼料(liao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)超量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)，實施減量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)農業補貼政策(ce)等。添(tian)(tian)(tian)加(jia)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)少(shao)，吸收利(li)用率(lv)高(gao)，且能夠滿足(zu)畜禽(qin)營(ying)養需要(yao)，可顯著減少(shao)畜禽(qin)糞(fen)便中重金(jin)屬元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)排泄量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。

徐建雄認為，奧格生物(wu)的(de)小肽微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)螯合(he)技術，能(neng)在每噸飼料(liao)中添(tian)加(jia)0.5—1千克(ke)小肽螯合(he)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)，從(cong)而取代(dai)常(chang)規(gui)飼料(liao)中的(de)無(wu)機微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)（通常(chang)飼料(liao)中添(tian)加(jia)2—3千克(ke)）。“從(cong)現(xian)有的(de)試驗數據看，這(zhe)項技術不僅促進動物(wu)健康生長，同時減(jian)少50%以上的(de)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)的(de)使用(yong)，減(jian)少糞便中銅排泄50%以上，能(neng)夠大幅(fu)度減(jian)少畜禽糞便重金屬元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)的(de)污染。”

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