A江(jiang)左岸是(shi)B市(shi)地(di)域，而(er)右岸則是(shi)C市(shi)地(di)塊(kuai)，且兩地(di)岸線長達數十公(gong)里(li)，沿岸都有多個污染源的廢水(shui)排入A江(jiang)，其跨界水(shui)體(ti)水(shui)質監(jian)測斷面、監(jian)測點位確(que)定和布設存在爭議(yi)。  

◆李學輝邱世美(mei)余紅林  

國家和各省、市環保部門(men)先后出臺了(le)(le)跨界水(shui)(shui)(shui)體水(shui)(shui)(shui)質聯(lian)合監(jian)測(ce)方(fang)案(an)（以下簡稱“方(fang)案(an)”）。依據(ju)方(fang)案(an)，各地開展了(le)(le)跨界水(shui)(shui)(shui)體水(shui)(shui)(shui)質聯(lian)合監(jian)測(ce)，提(ti)高了(le)(le)跨界水(shui)(shui)(shui)體水(shui)(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測(ce)質量，保證了(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)科學性和準確性。  

然而，筆者在(zai)開(kai)展跨界水(shui)體水(shui)質(zhi)聯合監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)過程中發現，目前，在(zai)確(que)定監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)斷面、點(dian)位(wei)布(bu)設、監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)方法、質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)等(deng)工作中，技(ji)術方法和尺度(du)難于(yu)統一和把握(wo)。比如(ru)，A江(jiang)左岸是B市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)域(yu)，而右岸則是C市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)塊(kuai)，且兩(liang)地(di)(di)(di)岸線長(chang)達數(shu)十公里，沿岸都有多個污染源的廢水(shui)排入A江(jiang)，其跨界水(shui)體水(shui)質(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)斷面、監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)點(dian)位(wei)確(que)定和布(bu)設存在(zai)爭議；兩(liang)地(di)(di)(di)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)進行(xing)實(shi)驗室間(jian)比對(dui)分析，監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)相對(dui)誤差允許范(fan)圍尚不(bu)明確(que)等(deng)。對(dui)此，筆者提出如(ru)下幾點(dian)建(jian)議：  

一(yi)是根據(ju)實(shi)際地(di)(di)情(qing)(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)情(qing)(qing)社情(qing)(qing)，確(que)定跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)監(jian)測(ce)斷(duan)面。由(you)于江河(he)(he)(he)所(suo)處地(di)(di)域(yu)不同(tong)(tong)，承雨面積大(da)(da)小不一(yi)，河(he)(he)(he)道斷(duan)面形態、底(di)坡變(bian)化、走向不同(tong)(tong)。江河(he)(he)(he)流量存(cun)在季節變(bian)化，水(shui)(shui)(shui)流受潮流、闡壩、冰(bing)凌等(deng)控制(zhi)，江河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物群落結(jie)構等(deng)有(you)所(suo)差別。江河(he)(he)(he)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)域(yu)情(qing)(qing)況受社會、歷(li)史等(deng)因(yin)素影響，社情(qing)(qing)非常復雜。比如(ru)(ru)，兩(liang)岸分(fen)屬(shu)不同(tong)(tong)省、市，且兩(liang)地(di)(di)岸線(xian)長達數十公里，岸線(xian)管轄(xia)不規(gui)則(ze)、不統一(yi)，又有(you)眾多(duo)污染源。因(yin)此，筆者建議(yi)，承擔江河(he)(he)(he)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)測(ce)職責的單位必須深入江河(he)(he)(he)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)域(yu)，對當地(di)(di)地(di)(di)情(qing)(qing)、社情(qing)(qing)認(ren)真調査(cha)研(yan)究，并對江河(he)(he)(he)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)文、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)歷(li)史數據(ju)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析，結(jie)合現(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)測(ce)技術規(gui)范和技術經濟條件，科(ke)學確(que)定江河(he)(he)(he)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)監(jian)測(ce)斷(duan)面。比如(ru)(ru)，應視江河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)大(da)(da)小、水(shui)(shui)(shui)流混(hun)合程度，選擇(ze)適宜水(shui)(shui)(shui)面縱(zong)橫布設(she)兩(liang)條監(jian)測(ce)斷(duan)面，并多(duo)設(she)監(jian)測(ce)點位，分(fen)層進行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)采樣監(jian)測(ce)。或者通過水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)型(xing)，進行(xing)(xing)(xing)科(ke)學實(shi)驗，選準(zhun)跨(kua)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)均勻混(hun)合斷(duan)面（或水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)），聯合進行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)采樣監(jian)測(ce)。  

二是認真(zhen)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)方法，注重關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)細(xi)節。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)氣(qi)象水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文條件，選(xuan)擇(ze)適宜采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)日期，按照(zhao)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)時間，承擔跨(kua)界水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人員，在已確定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)跨(kua)界水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)斷(duan)面采(cai)集備測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，沉降或過濾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，加入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)保(bao)存劑，并現(xian)(xian)場檢測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文（流速(su)(su)(su)）、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)（pH、溶解(jie)氧(yang)、電導率）、氣(qi)象（氣(qi)溫(wen)、風(feng)向、風(feng)速(su)(su)(su)）數據(ju)。認真(zhen)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范，完成(cheng)現(xian)(xian)場采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作。相(xiang)關技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人員要(yao)積極進(jin)行(xing)(xing)交流，就方案(an)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方法，特別(bie)是對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)前(qian)處(chu)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)細(xi)節，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)深入討論和(he)現(xian)(xian)場操作示范，以便發現(xian)(xian)問題，提(ti)升技(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)。比如(ru)，備測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指標氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)（NH3—N）的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)要(yao)避開強光和(he)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)源(yuan)（氨(an)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含氮(dan)(dan)(dan)量高的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等）、減(jian)小振蕩和(he)敞氣(qi)，取樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)要(yao)依照(zhao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)求進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)要(yao)按照(zhao)規(gui)(gui)范處(chu)理(li)。檢測(ce)(ce)氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)顯(xian)色時間一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)實驗室溫(wen)度確定(ding)(ding)(ding)，要(yao)在規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時間內(nei)迅速(su)(su)(su)完成(cheng)檢測(ce)(ce)工作。又比如(ru)，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指標五日生(sheng)(sheng)化需(xu)氧(yang)量（BOD5），一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)按照(zhao)方案(an)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)稀釋與接種(zhong)法（HJ505—2009）進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。不(bu)遇特殊干擾物質(zhi)，五日生(sheng)(sheng)化需(xu)氧(yang)量（BOD5）測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)，要(yao)統(tong)一(yi)采(cai)用疊氮(dan)(dan)(dan)化鈉改良法測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)溶解(jie)氧(yang)（DO）。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)溶解(jie)氧(yang)要(yao)在規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)時間內(nei)迅速(su)(su)(su)完成(cheng)。如(ru)果要(yao)對試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)稀釋與接種(zhong)，稀釋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)量一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)要(yao)滿足試(shi)(shi)驗要(yao)求，保(bao)證試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)中(zhong)有(you)消解(jie)有(you)機物的(de)(de)微生(sheng)(sheng)物。  

三(san)是加強監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)障，提(ti)高水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量。承擔跨(kua)界水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)單(dan)位要(yao)做好質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)障工作，水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器、器械、器皿(min)、試劑等必(bi)須滿(man)足監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術工作要(yao)求(qiu)。使用的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器需在檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)或校(xiao)準有效(xiao)期內，使用前(qian)還應對監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)自校(xiao)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)滿(man)足監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)對儀(yi)(yi)器檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)限(xian)和實驗(yan)(yan)精度要(yao)求(qiu)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術人員必(bi)須按(an)照規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)持證上(shang)崗。采集的(de)備測(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)樣(yang)必(bi)須按(an)照規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)編號、備份、保(bao)(bao)存(cun)、運輸、存(cun)儲(chu)等。水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樣(yang)品分(fen)析必(bi)須按(an)照規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)，并進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)全(quan)過程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)證和控(kong)制。依據(ju)方(fang)(fang)案規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)交換，依據(ju)現行(xing)技術規(gui)范要(yao)求(qiu)，采取分(fen)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)項目確(que)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)誤差(cha)范圍，對聯(lian)合監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)獲取的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)實驗(yan)(yan)室間質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量評(ping)價(jia)。若雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)在規(gui)定(ding)的(de)誤差(cha)范圍內，按(an)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)均值評(ping)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；若雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)均未檢(jian)(jian)出，按(an)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)檢(jian)(jian)出限(xian)均值評(ping)價(jia)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；若雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)存(cun)在爭議，則(ze)由上(shang)級監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)部(bu)門進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)仲裁監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。確(que)認(ren)后的(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，必(bi)須按(an)規(gui)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)交換上(shang)報(bao)，提(ti)供給環境保(bao)(bao)護行(xing)政部(bu)門，對跨(kua)界水(shui)(shui)體水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)綜合評(ping)價(jia)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)成(cheng)果發(fa)揮作用。

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