我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準從1973年開始起(qi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)，經(jing)過四十四年的發(fa)展(zhan)，先后經(jing)歷了起(qi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)、初(chu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)、體(ti)系調整和快速發(fa)展(zhan)等階段，目(mu)前已經(jing)初(chu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)了較為完善的大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放(fang)標(biao)(biao)準體(ti)系，基本(ben)覆蓋了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放(fang)重(zhong)點(dian)源，在我(wo)國(guo)(guo)大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放(fang)管理中發(fa)揮著重(zhong)要作(zuo)用。  

（1）起步階段。1973年由原國家(jia)建委、原國家(jia)計委和衛生部(bu)聯合發布的《工業“三廢(fei)”排放試行標準》（GBJ4-73）是我國第一項環境保護標準，其中規定了(le)13種大氣污(wu)(wu)染物的排放速(su)率或濃度，這(zhe)對我國環境保護工作初創(chuang)時期的大氣污(wu)(wu)染物排放控制發揮(hui)了(le)重大作用。  

（2）初步(bu)形成階段。1979年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)部《環境保(bao)護法》（試(shi)行(xing)(xing)）發(fa)布實(shi)施(shi)，1987年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)部《大氣污(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治法》發(fa)布實(shi)施(shi)，1989年(nian)修訂后(hou)的(de)《環境保(bao)護法》正式發(fa)布實(shi)施(shi)。這一(yi)時(shi)期，根據上述(shu)法律，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)立并(bing)實(shi)施(shi)了(le)一(yi)系(xi)列的(de)大氣環境保(bao)護管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度，環境質量標—3—準(zhun)和排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)的(de)法律地位與作(zuo)用得到進一(yi)步(bu)明確(que)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)的(de)制(zhi)修訂工作(zuo)也(ye)得到進一(yi)步(bu)加強。針(zhen)對GBJ4-73在(zai)實(shi)施(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)針(zhen)對性不強，排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)限(xian)值過(guo)寬等(deng)問題，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)開始將化工、工業(ye)鍋(guo)爐(lu)等(deng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)和生產設(she)施(shi)的(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)控制(zhi)從GBJ4-73中(zhong)(zhong)分離出(chu)來。至1991年(nian)，共制(zhi)修訂14項行(xing)(xing)業(ye)和通用設(she)施(shi)的(de)大氣污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)，如1983年(nian)發(fa)布實(shi)施(shi)的(de)《鍋(guo)爐(lu)煙塵(chen)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)》（GB/T3841-1983），1991年(nian)的(de)《燃(ran)煤(mei)電廠(chang)大氣污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)》（GB13223-1991）。由于這一(yi)時(shi)期我(wo)國(guo)(guo)主要(yao)控制(zhi)的(de)大氣污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)是煙粉塵(chen)，因而這些排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標準(zhun)規定的(de)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)也(ye)主要(yao)煙粉塵(chen)。  

（3）體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)調整階段。在排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)初步形成(cheng)階段，我(wo)國(guo)制定(ding)了一(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，但(dan)實施過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)交(jiao)叉問題較(jiao)為突出。因而(er)在1989年前后，我(wo)國(guo)開始對大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統梳理(li)，并根據環境(jing)管理(li)要(yao)求(qiu)，建立“以綜合型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為補充，兩者(zhe)不交(jiao)叉執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)優先”的(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)框架，大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)發生了重大(da)變(bian)化。至1996年，共計(ji)7項(xiang)固(gu)定(ding)源大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，包(bao)括：《大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)綜合排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》（GB16297-1996），以及惡臭(chou)、火電廠、鍋爐、煉焦爐、水泥(ni)工業(ye)、工業(ye)爐窯等大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。火電、水泥(ni)、煉焦等行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)專(zhuan)門(men)適用(yong)的(de)大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)(zhong)未(wei)規定(ding)的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)不執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)《大(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)綜合排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》。其他(ta)各類污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)源一(yi)律執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)GB16297-1996。在所(suo)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)不交(jiao)叉執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)，惡臭(chou)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)的(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)管理(li)是個例外，惡臭(chou)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不但(dan)與上述(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)交(jiao)叉執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而(er)且(qie)與綜合型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)之間也交(jiao)叉執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，即凡上述(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)型(xing)(xing)和綜合型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)未(wei)規定(ding)的(de)惡臭(chou)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)，均執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)惡臭(chou)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，因此惡臭(chou)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是一(yi)項(xiang)通用(yong)型(xing)(xing)的(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。  

（4）快(kuai)速發展(zhan)階段。GB16297-1996適用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源非常廣(guang)，在大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)管理中(zhong)(zhong)發揮著重要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，但也存(cun)在排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)控制(zhi)要求(qiu)適用(yong)(yong)性差(cha)，針對性不強(qiang)等(deng)問(wen)題。2000年我國(guo)《大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治法》修正(zheng)案明確規(gui)定“超標(biao)(biao)違法”，這賦予了大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)極高的(de)(de)法律地(di)位(wei)，標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)成為判(pan)斷“合法”與“非法”的(de)(de)界限。特(te)別是《國(guo)務院關于落實科(ke)學(xue)發展(zhan)觀加強(qiang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護的(de)(de)決定》和第六(liu)次(ci)全國(guo)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護大(da)(da)(da)會對環(huan)境(jing)(jing)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)工(gong)作(zuo)提(ti)出(chu)了更(geng)高要求(qiu)，大(da)(da)(da)力推進行(xing)業型排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)制(zhi)訂工(gong)作(zuo)勢在必(bi)行(xing)。因而(er)，在“十(shi)一(yi)五”、“十(shi)二(er)五”和“十(shi)三五”環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)劃中(zhong)(zhong)，加大(da)(da)(da)了制(zhi)定行(xing)業型污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)力度，提(ti)出(chu)了鋼鐵、煤(mei)炭、火力發電、農藥、有色金屬、建(jian)材、制(zhi)藥、石化(hua)、化(hua)工(gong)、石油天然氣(qi)、機械、紡(fang)織印染(ran)(ran)(ran)等(deng)重點行(xing)業污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)制(zhi)修訂任務，增加行(xing)業型排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)覆蓋(gai)面(mian)，逐步縮(suo)小(xiao)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)型和綜合型污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)適用(yong)(yong)范圍，除了控制(zhi)常規(gui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物外，更(geng)加重視有毒(du)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物，如重金屬、VOCs，以及溫(wen)室氣(qi)體排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)。  

我(wo)國現行(xing)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系主要(yao)由行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)型、通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型和綜合(he)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)構成。行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)指(zhi)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于某一特定(ding)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，也稱(cheng)為行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)指(zhi)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于多個行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)設備、通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)操作(zuo)過程和通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，主要(yao)有鍋爐、工業(ye)(ye)(ye)爐窯和惡(e)臭(chou)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等。綜合(he)型大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)指(zhi)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于所有行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)源(yuan)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，也稱(cheng)為行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。  

對于有(you)行業(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)污染源，通常由行業(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)與通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)共(gong)同(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)；對于無行業(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)污染源，通常由綜(zong)合性(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)與通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)共(gong)同(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。截(jie)至(zhi)目前，我(wo)國(guo)現行的(de)固定源大氣污染物排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)46項（見表1），其(qi)中行業(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)41項，通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)4項，綜(zong)合型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)1項。  

環境保護部正在組(zu)織(zhi)力量制修訂31項固(gu)定源大氣污(wu)染物排(pai)放標準(zhun)（見表2），其中行業型(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標準(zhun)27項，通用型(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標準(zhun)主要是VOC無(wu)組(zu)織(zhi)逸散(san)、鑄(zhu)造和惡臭3項大氣污(wu)染物排(pai)放標準(zhun)，綜(zong)合型(xing)(xing)排(pai)放標準(zhun)1項。  

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