當前，水(shui)和大(da)氣分板塊治理，缺乏(fa)統籌，尚(shang)未實現有機結合。以火(huo)電、鋼鐵、玻璃等氮氧化物（NOx）排(pai)放高的(de)行(xing)業為(wei)(wei)例，這些行(xing)業為(wei)(wei)滿足日益(yi)嚴格的(de)超(chao)低排(pai)放要求，在脫(tuo)硝(xiao)時(shi)往(wang)往(wang)使用大(da)量氨水(shui)，客觀(guan)上會造成(cheng)氨的(de)過量排(pai)放和氨逃逸，促(cu)進二次顆(ke)粒物生成(cheng)。

再(zai)比如，在采(cai)用(yong)濕(shi)熄(xi)焦(jiao)工藝(yi)的焦(jiao)化企業中(zhong)，生產(chan)單位將(jiang)未處理的廢(fei)水用(yong)于熄(xi)焦(jiao)，使(shi)得被污染(ran)的水轉化成氣態污染(ran)物直接(jie)排(pai)放。

因(yin)此，當前乃至“十(shi)四五”時期，亟(ji)待運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系統思維和(he)(he)整(zheng)體(ti)意識，統籌水和(he)(he)大(da)氣要素綜合治理(li)。要針對特(te)定行(xing)業、特(te)定污染物開展研究，發揮環境影響(xiang)評價的引領作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。此外，通過探索(suo)水和(he)(he)大(da)氣的統籌治理(li)，在治污的同時還可以產(chan)(chan)出(chu)有經濟效益的副產(chan)(chan)品。比如，化(hua)肥廠(chang)、煤氣廠(chang)在處(chu)理(li)多余的氨水時，如果采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)簡單工藝進行(xing)水處(chu)理(li)，成本很(hen)高。但(dan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)氨法(fa)脫硫(liu)，就(jiu)可以得到適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于土壤和(he)(he)農作物的肥料硫(liu)銨，產(chan)(chan)生經濟效益。

筆者(zhe)認為，在(zai)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染(ran)治理方(fang)面，除(chu)了要(yao)與水要(yao)素(su)統籌治理之外(wai)，還(huan)要(yao)做好大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染(ran)防治和二氧(yang)化碳減排的協調統籌，以及(ji)關(guan)注臭氧(yang)和細顆粒物協同控制(zhi)。

大(da)氣污染(ran)物與二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)具有同(tong)(tong)根同(tong)(tong)源(yuan)性，統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)采取(qu)“同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)”措(cuo)施，有利(li)于兩者(zhe)之間(jian)協同(tong)(tong)控制。我國大(da)氣污染(ran)防(fang)治政策中，清潔取(qu)暖價格(ge)政策、淘(tao)汰與壓(ya)減(jian)(jian)鋼(gang)鐵產能、天然氣利(li)用(yong)政策等，都(dou)對碳(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)起到(dao)了積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。在(zai)此基礎上，可以(yi)進(jin)一步釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)政策空(kong)間(jian)。當前(qian)，京(jing)津冀及周邊、汾(fen)渭平原、長三角地區(qu)、廣(guang)東省(sheng)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)總量在(zai)全國總量中占(zhan)比(bi)超(chao)過50%。應統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)考慮碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)性差異(yi)，抓(zhua)住問題的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)矛盾，提高政策制定的(de)(de)(de)針對性。統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)各(ge)工業(ye)部(bu)門二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)協同(tong)(tong)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)。進(jin)一步優化(hua)調整產業(ye)結構(gou)布局，加大(da)對落后產能的(de)(de)(de)淘(tao)汰和壓(ya)減(jian)(jian)力(li)度。推動(dong)能源(yuan)、交(jiao)通等重(zhong)點部(bu)門優化(hua)轉型，挖掘具有減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)潛力(li)的(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)部(bu)門，使(shi)其減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)效(xiao)應得到(dao)充分(fen)釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)。

“十三五”以來(lai)，我國空氣質量(liang)總(zong)體(ti)改善明(ming)顯，但臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)有上(shang)升的(de)(de)(de)(de)跡象。細(xi)顆粒物(wu)(wu)與(yu)臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存在著復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱巨性。為了解決這一(yi)問題(ti)，要厘(li)清臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)機制。臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在NOx和(he)VOCs的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)反應下(xia)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。而在不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)區域，VOCs和(he)NOx的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放情況不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，對(dui)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響也就不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。厘(li)清特定區域污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，是(shi)統籌制定臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)防治策略的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。NOx既是(shi)臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接前(qian)體(ti)物(wu)(wu)，還(huan)可以在臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，被(bei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硝(xiao)酸鹽(yan)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為細(xi)顆粒物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要組分。NOx在臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)和(he)細(xi)顆粒物(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)過程(cheng)中起著重(zhong)要作(zuo)用(yong)。因此，NOx減排(pai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)和(he)細(xi)顆粒物(wu)(wu)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要部分。我國目前(qian)已在VOCs的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放特征、來(lai)源結構、標(biao)準(zhun)控(kong)(kong)制、監(jian)察(cha)執法等方面積累了豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗。下(xia)一(yi)步，應該在做精(jing)(jing)做細(xi)上(shang)下(xia)功夫(fu)。比(bi)如，制定精(jing)(jing)細(xi)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，對(dui)VOCs分類進行(xing)(xing)總(zong)量(liang)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)。對(dui)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)部門(men)、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)區域、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)VOCs排(pai)放，按化(hua)學性質實施更(geng)加精(jing)(jing)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)，達到(dao)科學治污(wu)(wu)、精(jing)(jing)準(zhun)治污(wu)(wu)。

“十(shi)(shi)三(san)五(wu)”期(qi)間，我國大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排放總量持(chi)續(xu)減(jian)(jian)少，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)環(huan)境(jing)質量總體(ti)改(gai)善(shan)。但是(shi)多種污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)相互耦(ou)合(he)疊(die)加作用(yong)明顯，污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)減(jian)(jian)排空(kong)間和政(zheng)策調控(kong)進一(yi)步收(shou)窄,剩下的(de)(de)(de)都是(shi)“難啃的(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)骨頭”。為(wei)避免出現(xian)“解決一(yi)個問題(ti)后又出現(xian)一(yi)個新問題(ti)”的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)污染(ran)(ran)現(xian)象，實現(xian)生態環(huan)境(jing)質量根本改(gai)善(shan)，“十(shi)(shi)四(si)五(wu)”期(qi)間，要更好把握大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)特征，關注各種污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)疊(die)加效應。統籌協調運用(yong)政(zheng)策工具，整體(ti)應對各種污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)，綜合(he)施(shi)策，協同治理，取得“1+1＞2”的(de)(de)(de)效果。

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