能源結構優化調整對碳減排貢獻顯著
能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)(gou)優(you)化調整(zheng)不僅是(shi)我國能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)面臨的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)任務，也是(shi)保證能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)安全、實現碳(tan)達(da)峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分。調整(zheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)(gou)就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)減少(shao)對化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的需求與消費，降低煤電(dian)的比重(zhong)，大(da)力發(fa)展(zhan)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。以化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主的能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消費特征(zheng)是(shi)我國碳(tan)排放增(zeng)長的主要(yao)(yao)因素，鑒于此，近年(nian)來我國通過不斷優(you)化調整(zheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)(gou)，采取了一系(xi)列綠色發(fa)展(zhan)舉措(cuo)，推動(dong)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)轉型和整(zheng)體創新，取得了良好(hao)的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減碳(tan)效果，為(wei)2060年(nian)前(qian)實現碳(tan)中(zhong)和奠定了良好(hao)基礎。
能源結構不斷優化調整
近年來，我國以供給(gei)側結構(gou)性改(gai)革推進(jin)能源(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)調整(zheng)和轉型升(sheng)級，能源(yuan)(yuan)生產結構(gou)由煤炭為主向多元化轉變(bian)，能源(yuan)(yuan)消費結構(gou)日趨低碳化，促進(jin)了(le)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)節約型、環境友好型社會(hui)建(jian)設，進(jin)一步推進(jin)了(le)綠(lv)色發展和生態文明建(jian)設。
一是(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)結(jie)構(gou)持(chi)(chi)續優(you)(you)化，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)增勢強勁。黨(dang)的(de)十(shi)八大(da)以來，隨(sui)著(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)給(gei)側結(jie)構(gou)性改革的(de)深入推進(jin)，煤(mei)(mei)炭等(deng)傳統(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)下降，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)結(jie)構(gou)逐步優(you)(you)化。傳統(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)下降，煤(mei)(mei)炭優(you)(you)質產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)持(chi)(chi)續釋放，原煤(mei)(mei)占(zhan)比(bi)在波動中持(chi)(chi)續下降，原油占(zhan)比(bi)穩步提高(gao)，油氣增儲上產(chan)和清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納能(neng)(neng)(neng)力大(da)大(da)增強。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構(gou)由煤(mei)(mei)炭為(wei)主向多元化轉變，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電增勢強勁，清潔(jie)化進(jin)程(cheng)加快。特(te)別是(shi)(shi)積極推進(jin)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開發利用，風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和可再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)較快增長(chang)。據統(tong)計，2020年并網風電和并網太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電量同比(bi)分(fen)別增長(chang)15.1%和16.6%。
二是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)斷(duan)優化，清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)比例持續(xu)提升(sheng)。黨的(de)(de)十八大以(yi)來，我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)構(gou)調整進程(cheng)不(bu)斷(duan)加快(kuai)，用能(neng)(neng)方(fang)式不(bu)斷(duan)變革，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)清潔(jie)高效利用成(cheng)效顯(xian)著。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)放緩，明(ming)顯(xian)低于(yu)(yu)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)，表明(ming)我(wo)國能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)總量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)成(cheng)效明(ming)顯(xian)，處于(yu)(yu)正在以(yi)較低的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)增(zeng)(zeng)長支撐經濟的(de)(de)高質量(liang)平穩發展(zhan)階段。消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)品(pin)種結(jie)構(gou)改善，煤炭比重持續(xu)降(jiang)低，清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)占能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)總量(liang)的(de)(de)比重從2011年的(de)(de)13%上升(sheng)到2020年的(de)(de)24.3%。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)構(gou)正朝著清潔(jie)、高效、低碳的(de)(de)方(fang)向良性發展(zhan)。
三是煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)(bi)重急劇下(xia)降，可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展迅猛。我(wo)(wo)國95%左右(you)的(de)非(fei)化(hua)石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源主(zhu)(zhu)要通(tong)過轉(zhuan)化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)加以(yi)利(li)用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業的(de)低碳(tan)化(hua)成為碳(tan)中和的(de)“勝(sheng)負手”。目(mu)前我(wo)(wo)國發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不斷增強，化(hua)石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機比(bi)(bi)重持續下(xia)降，迎來“煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)清潔化(hua)”的(de)新(xin)(xin)時代(dai)，以(yi)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為代(dai)表的(de)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擴張勢(shi)頭尤其(qi)迅猛，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機比(bi)(bi)重明顯上升。煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機容量2020年已歷史(shi)性降至(zhi)50%以(yi)下(xia)，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長5.3%，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增速分別達到34.7%、23.7%，遠高于發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機整體增速，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機結構進一步優化(hua)。
能源結構調整對碳減排的貢獻顯著
近年來，我國通過(guo)調整(zheng)能源結構(gou)，推動(dong)可持(chi)續發展(zhan)轉型和整(zheng)體創新，采取(qu)(qu)了一系(xi)列(lie)綠色(se)發展(zhan)舉措，取(qu)(qu)得(de)了良(liang)好的節能減碳(tan)效果，為2060年前實(shi)現碳(tan)中(zhong)和奠定了良(liang)好基礎(chu)。
一(yi)是(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)增速放(fang)緩，排(pai)(pai)放(fang)強度不斷降低。長期以來(lai)，我國積極應對氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化，采(cai)取(qu)嚴格舉措(cuo)加快推(tui)動(dong)綠色低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發展，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)總量和強度“雙控(kong)(kong)”效(xiao)果明顯(xian)。2020年(nian)，全國煤炭、石油和天然氣(qi)3類能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的二(er)氧(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)量為102億(yi)噸，與2019年(nian)相比碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)增速放(fang)緩，總量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)效(xiao)果明顯(xian)。隨著我國節能(neng)(neng)減(jian)排(pai)(pai)措(cuo)施的實施，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)工業(ye)領域不斷加大管控(kong)(kong)力度，我國單位GDP的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)量從2005年(nian)2.524千克(ke)/美(mei)元迅速下降至2010年(nian)的1.39千克(ke)/美(mei)元，并進一(yi)步下降至2020年(nian)的0.653千克(ke)/美(mei)元，說(shuo)明“十一(yi)五(wu)”以來(lai)我國節能(neng)(neng)減(jian)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)效(xiao)果明顯(xian)，經濟發展正逐(zhu)步實現與高能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)高碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)脫(tuo)鉤。
二是(shi)能源(yuan)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放結(jie)(jie)構明顯(xian)改善，高碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)行(xing)業增(zeng)速回落。煤(mei)炭(tan)、石油和天然(ran)氣3類能源(yuan)的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放結(jie)(jie)構不斷優化(hua)調整，煤(mei)炭(tan)、石油碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放比(bi)重下降，天然(ran)氣碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放比(bi)重上升的趨勢較為明顯(xian)。2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)我國煤(mei)炭(tan)、石油、天然(ran)氣碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放量占比(bi)分別為71.58%、19.35%和1.78%，而2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)變為71.11%、14.93%和5.83%。隨(sui)著產業布局和能耗雙控政策實施，2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)-2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)五大(da)高碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)行(xing)業增(zeng)速回落，減碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)效果明顯(xian)。
三是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)成效顯著，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)成為(wei)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中和(he)抓手。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)，能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)領(ling)域在(zai)(zai)(zai)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)方(fang)面(mian)取(qu)得積(ji)極成效，度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放量(liang)持續(xu)下(xia)(xia)降，2019年(nian)較2010年(nian)下(xia)(xia)降約23%。可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業中的應(ying)用(yong)對碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放量(liang)產生的影響(xiang)越來(lai)越大，相(xiang)較于(yu)2019年(nian)，2020年(nian)可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行業碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放方(fang)面(mian)的貢獻增加(jia)了(le)50%。《中國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展展望(wang)2020》顯示，近(jin)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代方(fang)式承(cheng)擔更大的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)責任。隨(sui)著2030年(nian)后清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速(su)發(fa)(fa)展并(bing)成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主體(ti)，煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)應(ying)用(yong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)捕獲、利(li)用(yong)與封(feng)存技術（CCUS），電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放量(liang)快速(su)下(xia)(xia)降，2060年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)有(you)望(wang)實(shi)現近(jin)零排(pai)放。屆時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)占終端(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費比(bi)重、非化石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占一(yi)次(ci)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費比(bi)重分別有(you)望(wang)達到70%、80%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)將在(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)深度(du)(du)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)中發(fa)(fa)揮關(guan)鍵作用(yong)。
需關注的問題及建議
當前我國(guo)煤炭(tan)消費(fei)占比仍較(jiao)高，能源結(jie)構(gou)優化任務艱巨(ju)，建立綠色低碳(tan)(tan)的(de)經濟體系仍面(mian)臨嚴(yan)(yan)峻挑戰。因(yin)此(ci)，我國(guo)實現(xian)碳(tan)(tan)達峰碳(tan)(tan)中和(he)目標(biao)并(bing)非(fei)易事，應正視面(mian)臨的(de)嚴(yan)(yan)峻問題，采取節能減污(wu)降碳(tan)(tan)的(de)嚴(yan)(yan)格措施(shi)。
一是能(neng)源消費構(gou)成結構(gou)偏(pian)(pian)煤(mei)和能(neng)源利(li)用率低的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)仍(reng)(reng)然存在。從上述分(fen)析可知，煤(mei)炭是我(wo)國(guo)碳排放的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)來源，全國(guo)碳排放量(liang)和煤(mei)炭、石油(you)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)最為密切(qie)，碳排放量(liang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)來源于(yu)這(zhe)兩(liang)類的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源消耗(hao)。目(mu)前，我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)源結構(gou)仍(reng)(reng)然是以化石能(neng)源為主(zhu)(zhu)，煤(mei)炭在一次能(neng)源中的(de)(de)(de)占比仍(reng)(reng)超過55%，當前的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源強度持續下降但仍(reng)(reng)偏(pian)(pian)高，我(wo)國(guo)單(dan)位GDP能(neng)耗(hao)仍(reng)(reng)高于(yu)世界平(ping)均水平(ping)，能(neng)源效率仍(reng)(reng)然偏(pian)(pian)低。
二是(shi)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)利用有待加(jia)強。實現碳(tan)減排下(xia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結構低(di)碳(tan)轉(zhuan)型，需要加(jia)快(kuai)調整一次能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結構，大幅度(du)提升(sheng)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費比重。目前，我國風能(neng)(neng)和太陽能(neng)(neng)的(de)已開發(fa)量(liang)(liang)遠(yuan)低(di)于(yu)技術(shu)可開發(fa)量(liang)(liang)，清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)基礎豐厚，非化石能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為主的(de)低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)體系(xi)構建潛(qian)力巨大。同(tong)時(shi)，清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)技術(shu)水平(ping)亟待進一步發(fa)展(zhan)，急需形成(cheng)穩定的(de)供(gong)給(gei)體系(xi)。
三是發電(dian)結構仍(reng)(reng)是火電(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)據主(zhu)導，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消耗主(zhu)要(yao)集中于工(gong)業(ye)。實施電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代、全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源清潔低碳轉(zhuan)型是大勢所趨，優化發電(dian)結構是減少碳排放的主(zhu)導力量(liang)。從(cong)近(jin)些年各類發電(dian)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)比來(lai)看，發電(dian)部門仍(reng)(reng)呈現出清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)比逐步擴大但火電(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)比仍(reng)(reng)偏高(gao)的現象。另(ling)外，在終端用能(neng)(neng)(neng)構成中，工(gong)業(ye)部門用能(neng)(neng)(neng)居于核心地位，工(gong)業(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗仍(reng)(reng)高(gao)于世界平均水(shui)平。
針對以上現狀和問題，筆者提出如下建議：
第(di)一，控制(zhi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)消費總量。化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)的消費量是影(ying)響碳排放量的重要因(yin)素，要實現碳減排目(mu)標(biao)，從(cong)根(gen)源(yuan)上控制(zhi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)消費總量，減少化(hua)(hua)石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)消費是關(guan)鍵舉措。要保持煤炭(tan)(tan)消費量繼續(xu)呈走(zou)低趨勢，逐步淘汰煤炭(tan)(tan)過剩(sheng)產能(neng)，提高煤炭(tan)(tan)清(qing)潔(jie)利用水(shui)平。
第二，進一步(bu)優化(hua)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)結構。中國的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)結構仍(reng)然以化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為主(zhu)，化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費(fei)總量(liang)占比為84.7%，而非化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)僅占15.3%。急需加強(qiang)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，如光能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、風能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)的(de)開發(fa)使用，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)自給率，推動(dong)綠(lv)色高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展。
第三，強化(hua)政策導向。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)政策對能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費(fei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)起著重要的引領作用。今后要不斷完善能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)調整優化(hua)的政策法規，引領能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費(fei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)低碳化(hua)轉型(xing)。
第四，加(jia)大對新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)投入。實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中和的主要路徑是加(jia)強(qiang)非化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的使用，因此要進一步(bu)提(ti)高新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)(yu)的技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)水平，包括提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)效，低(di)成本開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，加(jia)強(qiang)信息技(ji)術(shu)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)(yu)的應用以進一步(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)智(zhi)慧能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)，從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
作者單位：付加鋒、劉(liu)倩(qian)、呂連(lian)宏，中國環(huan)境科學(xue)研究(jiu)院(yuan)；孫(sun)雅(ya)江、岳(yue)麗艷，河北大(da)學(xue)
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