【谷騰環保網訊】生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)是(shi)人(ren)類社(she)會(hui)可持(chi)續發(fa)展的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基礎，也是(shi)全(quan)球各國(guo)共(gong)同面臨(lin)的(de)(de)重(zhong)大挑戰(zhan)。長期研究和實踐顯示，科學構建(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)并提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水平(ping)的(de)(de)必要(yao)措施(shi)。我(wo)國(guo)歷來高(gao)度重(zhong)視(shi)該項工(gong)作，通過自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地體(ti)系建(jian)設、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線劃定(ding)等(deng)措施(shi)，初(chu)步(bu)形成(cheng)了(le)覆蓋全(quan)國(guo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)，為遏制生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)喪失(shi)、維護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)國(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全(quan)提(ti)(ti)供有力保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。然而(er)，當(dang)前我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)仍(reng)面臨(lin)分(fen)布格局不(bu)盡合理、不(bu)利人(ren)類干(gan)擾(rao)依然存在、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)恢復成(cheng)效(xiao)不(bu)足(zu)等(deng)問題(ti)。2017年(nian)，習近(jin)平(ping)總(zong)書記在十(shi)九(jiu)大報告中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)“構建(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)廊道(dao)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)網(wang)絡(luo)，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統質量和穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”。2020年(nian)召開(kai)的(de)(de)十(shi)九(jiu)屆五中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)進一(yi)步(bu)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)“實施(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)重(zhong)大工(gong)程”。因此，進一(yi)步(bu)優化(hua)完善生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)規模與結構，強化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)力度，提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)恢復成(cheng)效(xiao)，對(dui)于推進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)建(jian)設、實現人(ren)與自(zi)然和諧共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

生物多樣性保護空間格局現狀

黨的十八(ba)大以來(lai)，在(zai)習近平生(sheng)態文明思想引(yin)領下，中(zhong)國(guo)堅(jian)持生(sheng)態優先、綠色(se)發展，提出并實(shi)施國(guo)家公園體制建設(she)和生(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)紅線劃定等重要舉措，不斷強化就地與遷地保(bao)護(hu)，生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性保(bao)護(hu)空(kong)間網絡不斷完(wan)善，生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性保(bao)護(hu)取得顯著成效(xiao)。

（一）啟(qi)動國(guo)家(jia)公園體制試(shi)點(dian)，構建以國(guo)家(jia)公園為主體的自然保護地體系

近(jin)年(nian)來，中國(guo)(guo)積極(ji)推動(dong)建(jian)立以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)公(gong)園(yuan)為主體、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)為基礎、各(ge)(ge)類(lei)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)公(gong)園(yuan)為補充的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)地(di)體系(xi)，先后啟動(dong)三江(jiang)源等10處(chu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)公(gong)園(yuan)體制試點。截至2020年(nian)底，我國(guo)(guo)各(ge)(ge)級各(ge)(ge)類(lei)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)地(di)近(jin)萬個，約(yue)占陸域(yu)國(guo)(guo)土面積的(de)(de)18%，提前實現聯合國(guo)(guo)生物多樣性公(gong)約(yue)“愛知目標”提出的(de)(de)到2020年(nian)達到17%的(de)(de)目標要求。通過構建(jian)科學合理的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)地(di)體系(xi)，90%的(de)(de)陸地(di)生態系(xi)統(tong)類(lei)型和(he)71%的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點保護(hu)野生動(dong)植(zhi)物物種得到有(you)效保護(hu)。

（二）劃定生(sheng)物多樣性保護(hu)優(you)先(xian)區(qu)域，保護(hu)重要自然生(sheng)態系統(tong)和(he)生(sheng)物資源

打破行政區劃(hua)界(jie)限(xian)，充(chong)分考慮重要(yao)生物(wu)地理(li)單(dan)元(yuan)和生態(tai)系(xi)統類型的完整性，劃(hua)定(ding)35個(ge)生物(wu)多樣性保護優(you)(you)先區域。其(qi)中，32個(ge)陸域優(you)(you)先區域總面積276.3萬平方公里，約占陸地國土面積的28.8%，有效保護了重要(yao)生態(tai)系(xi)統、物(wu)種(zhong)及其(qi)棲息地。

（三(san)）建立(li)國(guo)土(tu)空間規劃體系，率先在(zai)國(guo)際上提(ti)出和實施(shi)生態(tai)保護紅線制度(du)

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線(xian)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)土空間規(gui)劃(hua)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)體制機制改革的(de)(de)重(zhong)要制度創新。目前，全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線(xian)劃(hua)定工(gong)作(zuo)基(ji)本(ben)完成，初(chu)步(bu)劃(hua)定的(de)(de)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線(xian)面(mian)積(ji)比例不低于陸(lu)域國(guo)(guo)土面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)25%，覆蓋了(le)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功能區、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)敏感區和(he)脆弱(ruo)區，覆蓋了(le)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性分布的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)區域。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“劃(hua)定生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線(xian)，減緩和(he)適應氣候變(bian)化”行動倡議，入選(xuan)了(le)2019年聯合國(guo)(guo)“基(ji)于自然的(de)(de)解(jie)決方案”全球(qiu)15個(ge)精品案例。2020年，“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)(hong)線(xian)——中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性保護的(de)(de)制度創新”案例入選(xuan)了(le)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性100+全球(qiu)典型(xing)案例”中(zhong)的(de)(de)特別(bie)推薦案例。

生物多樣性保護空間網絡建設面臨的挑戰

（一）整體性系統性保護不足，空間格局有(you)待優化

我(wo)國傳統生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)就(jiu)地(di)保(bao)護措施（如自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護區建設）多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)采用自(zi)(zi)下而上的(de)方式開展，建設過程缺少總(zong)體(ti)規劃，空間(jian)布(bu)局(ju)合理性(xing)不足(zu)，空間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)存(cun)在保(bao)護空缺，有必要進一步(bu)對重要物(wu)(wu)種棲息地(di)進行精準識(shi)別，并將(jiang)其納(na)入(ru)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)保(bao)護空間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)。此外，部(bu)分地(di)區生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)保(bao)護空間(jian)網(wang)絡(luo)的(de)整體(ti)性(xing)和(he)連通性(xing)不足(zu)，自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護地(di)之(zhi)間(jian)缺少必要的(de)生(sheng)態廊(lang)道，保(bao)護區域生(sheng)態孤島趨勢明顯，影響(xiang)物(wu)(wu)種遷徙與物(wu)(wu)質循環(huan)，制約生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)保(bao)護成效。

（二）保護與開發利用(yong)并(bing)存(cun)，人類(lei)活(huo)動干擾依然存(cun)在

我(wo)(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空間網絡建(jian)設長期實行“搶救性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)”策略，許多(duo)(duo)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)(di)在劃(hua)定時(shi)將大量生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)價值較(jiao)低的區(qu)(qu)(qu)域，如(ru)建(jian)制城鎮、村屯、民生(sheng)(sheng)基礎(chu)設施(shi)等(deng)納入(ru)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)范圍(wei)。統計(ji)顯示，僅國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)就存在29個城市建(jian)成區(qu)(qu)(qu)、531個建(jian)制鄉鎮建(jian)成區(qu)(qu)(qu)、5779個行政村，涉(she)及人(ren)(ren)口達到(dao)374萬。類似現象(xiang)在省級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和其他類型保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)(di)同樣(yang)存在。大規(gui)模人(ren)(ren)口聚居帶來頻繁人(ren)(ren)類活動(dong)，加上部(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)推進力(li)度不足，造成保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域內(nei)人(ren)(ren)類活動(dong)破(po)壞生(sheng)(sheng)態事件(jian)屢禁不止。生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境部(bu)“綠盾”自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)(di)強(qiang)化(hua)監督行動(dong)發現，72%的國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)存在不同程度的采(cai)石采(cai)砂、工(gong)礦(kuang)用地(di)(di)、旅游設施(shi)和水電設施(shi)違(wei)規(gui)建(jian)設等(deng)現象(xiang)。如(ru)祁(qi)連山國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)態破(po)壞、秦嶺別墅違(wei)規(gui)建(jian)設、木里(li)煤礦(kuang)非法(fa)開采(cai)等(deng)違(wei)法(fa)違(wei)規(gui)事件(jian)時(shi)有發生(sheng)(sheng)，威脅區(qu)(qu)(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態安(an)全，制約生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)成效(xiao)。盡管(guan)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)已經啟動(dong)實施(shi)了生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線評估調整和自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)(di)整合(he)優化(hua)工(gong)作，并且取得了初步成效(xiao)，但由于歷史遺留問題多(duo)(duo)，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)與開發建(jian)設的矛盾仍將在未來一(yi)段時(shi)期內(nei)存在。

（三(san)）基礎能力建(jian)設不足，保護成效有待進一步增強

盡管(guan)(guan)我(wo)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)數(shu)量(liang)和面(mian)積(ji)逐年(nian)增加，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)提(ti)前完成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)“愛知目(mu)標”，自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)一些重(zhong)要(yao)生態系統(tong)及重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)種(zhong)等方面(mian)取(qu)得了(le)一定成(cheng)(cheng)效，但是(shi)，受經濟社會(hui)發展水(shui)平、人口(kou)素質、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)管(guan)(guan)理水(shui)平等多方面(mian)影響，重(zhong)要(yao)生態空間(jian)的(de)總體保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)成(cheng)(cheng)效仍有(you)待提(ti)升。在自(zi)然(ran)(ran)生態系統(tong)方面(mian)，我(wo)國多數(shu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)對(dui)(dui)減緩森林喪失(shi)起到積(ji)極作用，但自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)對(dui)(dui)于濕地(di)(di)生態系統(tong)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)則(ze)有(you)待提(ti)升，雖然(ran)(ran)在青海三江源、江西鄱陽(yang)湖等自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區取(qu)得了(le)較好成(cheng)(cheng)效，但多數(shu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)對(dui)(dui)于濕地(di)(di)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)效果均不理想(xiang)。與此同時，我(wo)國自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)對(dui)(dui)部分(fen)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)種(zhong)種(zhong)群(qun)數(shu)量(liang)或(huo)棲息地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)恢(hui)復起到積(ji)極作用，但仍有(you)部分(fen)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)內大型肉食動物(wu)如豹(Panthera pardus)、狼(Canis lupus)、豺(Cuon alpinus)等,分(fen)布范圍仍不斷退縮,種(zhong)群(qun)未得到有(you)效維持。

空間網絡優化完善措施

（一）優(you)化完善空間布局

一是(shi)(shi)強化(hua)頂層設計。依托生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)本底(di)調查和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)狀(zhuang)況綜合評(ping)估(gu)(gu)，精準(zhun)識別生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)(kong)缺。在此基礎上，整(zheng)合自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)屏障，形成點(dian)—線(xian)—面相結合的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡。二是(shi)(shi)合理規劃(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)、農業、城(cheng)鎮(zhen)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)。發展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)技術(shu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)，科學(xue)統(tong)籌(chou)劃(hua)定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)、永久基本農田、城(cheng)鎮(zhen)開(kai)發邊界(jie)三條(tiao)控制線(xian)，明(ming)確界(jie)定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡與(yu)當地(di)原住民生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)地(di)范圍，科學(xue)規劃(hua)國土空(kong)(kong)間(jian)開(kai)發與(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)格局并予以充分保(bao)(bao)障。三是(shi)(shi)完(wan)善空(kong)(kong)間(jian)網(wang)絡布局。優化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)識別技術(shu)，強化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)構(gou)建及維(wei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，提高自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)地(di)的(de)景(jing)觀連通性(xing)(xing)，將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)孤島融(rong)入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)之中。四是(shi)(shi)關(guan)注(zhu)重點(dian)區域(yu)(yu)。統(tong)籌(chou)區域(yu)(yu)發展水(shui)平，重點(dian)優化(hua)東(dong)北、西(xi)南等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)重點(dian)區域(yu)(yu)以及長江經濟帶、黃河流域(yu)(yu)等(deng)重大戰略區域(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)格局，優化(hua)全國生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)總體(ti)(ti)(ti)格局。

（二）不斷夯實生物多樣性保護(hu)基礎

一是(shi)(shi)強化法(fa)律保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障。落實(shi)習(xi)近平總書記重要(yao)指示，“把國(guo)家各項(xiang)(xiang)事業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)各項(xiang)(xiang)工作納入法(fa)制(zhi)軌(gui)道，實(shi)行有法(fa)可(ke)依(yi)、有法(fa)必依(yi)、執(zhi)法(fa)必嚴、違法(fa)必究”，加(jia)快(kuai)推進自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地和(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)立法(fa)進程(cheng)，以(yi)法(fa)律法(fa)規為生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)空間(jian)網(wang)(wang)絡保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)駕護(hu)(hu)航。二是(shi)(shi)強化國(guo)土空間(jian)用途管(guan)制(zhi)。貫徹最嚴格的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)制(zhi)度，禁止(zhi)城市化、工業(ye)化對重要(yao)物(wu)(wu)種棲息地、極小種群物(wu)(wu)種棲息地等(deng)重要(yao)區(qu)域的(de)擠占和(he)(he)(he)(he)干擾。三(san)是(shi)(shi)提升監測(ce)能(neng)(neng)力。依(yi)托已有觀(guan)測(ce)基礎(chu)（包(bao)括CERN、CTERN、China BON等(deng)），構建和(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善陸(lu)海統籌、“天(tian)地空”一體、上下協同的(de)綜(zong)合性(xing)監測(ce)網(wang)(wang)絡，提升生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量監管(guan)能(neng)(neng)力。四是(shi)(shi)增強監管(guan)力度。完(wan)善自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地巡(xun)查、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)監管(guan)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)成效評估、中央生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)督察等(deng)制(zhi)度，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)空間(jian)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)效益得以(yi)充分發揮。

（三）科學有序推進生態系統保護修復

一(yi)是按(an)照《全國重要(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)保護和修復重大工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總體規劃（2021-2035年）》、山水林田湖草沙一(yi)體化保護修復規劃和生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)保護行動計劃等，科學有序實施生(sheng)態(tai)修復工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。二是注重生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)各要(yao)(yao)(yao)素之間(jian)的(de)關聯，以系(xi)統(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和整體性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)理念進行統(tong)(tong)籌(chou)實施，綜合考慮生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)、生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務、自然景觀和自然遺跡等要(yao)(yao)(yao)素。三是要(yao)(yao)(yao)進一(yi)步利用好生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)富集(ji)區域(yu)的(de)優(you)質(zhi)生(sheng)態(tai)資源(yuan)，轉變當地(di)社區的(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活方式(shi)(shi)，維(wei)持好生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)調節服務，用好生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)供給服務，因地(di)制宜探索生(sheng)態(tai)產品(pin)價值實現的(de)路徑(jing)和模式(shi)(shi)。

作者單(dan)位：高吉喜，生態環境(jing)部衛星(xing)環境(jing)應(ying)用中心；鄒長新、張琨(kun)，生態環境(jing)部南京(jing)環境(jing)科學(xue)研究(jiu)所

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