【谷騰環保網訊】【摘 要】“十(shi)四五”時期(qi)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)的深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)進期(qi)，也是(shi)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)經濟(ji)帶生(sheng)態環(huan)境保護和實現綠色發(fa)展(zhan)的攻堅期(qi)。本文圍(wei)繞監測評(ping)估、治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)模(mo)式構建(jian)(jian)(jian)、治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)績效評(ping)估等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)剖析(xi)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)監督管理(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)中存(cun)在的重點問題，結(jie)合我國未來深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)進長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)綜合治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的實際需求，從(cong)強(qiang)化管理(li)(li)(li)支撐的角(jiao)度，提(ti)出加強(qiang)全鏈條防控(kong)技(ji)術(shu)體(ti)系建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)、推(tui)進污(wu)染(ran)(ran)控(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)模(mo)式分類分區構建(jian)(jian)(jian)、開展(zhan)以環(huan)境質(zhi)量改善為核心的污(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)績效評(ping)估等有關建(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)，為持續(xu)推(tui)動我國農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)能力(li)提(ti)升，探索(suo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)與監督指(zhi)導體(ti)系提(ti)供參考。

【作 者】

 趙健(jian)：中(zhong)國環境科(ke)學研(yan)究(jiu)院流(liu)域(yu)面源研(yan)究(jiu)室副研(yan)究(jiu)員

籍瑤、劉玥、劉泉利：中國環境科(ke)學研究(jiu)院流域(yu)面源研究(jiu)室助(zhu)理研究(jiu)員

白靜：中國環境科學研究(jiu)院流域面源研究(jiu)室高級工程(cheng)師

宋永會：中國環境科學研究(jiu)院研究(jiu)員(yuan)，系本文(wen)通(tong)訊作者

【基(ji)金項目(mu)】國家重(zhong)點(dian)研發計劃“流域面源污染防控(kong)技(ji)術與應(ying)用示(shi)范”（2021YFC3201500）

長江流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)在我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)發展總(zong)體格(ge)局中具有重要的戰略地(di)位，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)總(zong)面(mian)積180萬km2，占我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)陸域(yu)(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)土面(mian)積的 18.8%，是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最主(zhu)要的農業(ye)生(sheng)產基地(di)。近年來，長江流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量持續改(gai)善。2021年，長江流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優良比例為(wei) 97.1%，較2015年提高15.4個百分點(dian)(dian)。但水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)保護不平(ping)衡、不協調(diao)的問(wen)題依(yi)然突(tu)出，太湖、巢湖、滇池等重點(dian)(dian)湖泊藍藻水(shui)(shui)華暴(bao)發態勢(shi)尚(shang)未徹底扭轉，部(bu)分斷面(mian)汛期水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)下(xia)降(jiang)嚴(yan)重。隨著(zhu)工業(ye)和城(cheng)鎮點(dian)(dian)源污(wu)染(ran)問(wen)題得到有效控制(zhi)，面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)逐(zhu)漸(jian)從次要矛盾(dun)上(shang)升為(wei)主(zhu)要矛盾(dun)，成為(wei)長江流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)保護工作的突(tu)出難(nan)點(dian)(dian)[1-2]。

長江流域農業面源污染現狀

農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶(dai)(dai)11省（市(shi)）第二次污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)普查(cha)數(shu)據顯(xian)示，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學需氧量(liang)(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)氮(dan)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)磷排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)占(zhan)(zhan)長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶(dai)(dai)該污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物總(zong)(zong)(zong)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)45.1%、48.0%、66.6%，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物的(de)(de)(de)主要來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)。長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)耕地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)耕地(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)24%。2021年，長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶(dai)(dai)11省（市(shi)）糧食(shi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da) 2.43億t，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)超過全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)1/3。長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)氣(qi)候(hou)溫暖，復種指數(shu)高，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)處(chu)于高位。據統計， 2020年長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)1684.55萬t，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用強度為(wei)(wei)(wei)282.52kg/hm2，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)安全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平（225kg/hm2）的(de)(de)(de) 1.26倍[3]。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)居高不(bu)(bu)下以(yi)及不(bu)(bu)合理的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)方式，造成(cheng)(cheng)集約化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)區(qu)(qu)氮(dan)磷流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)失嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，稻田周(zhou)邊水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘(tang)及河湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)富營養(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)[4]。同時(shi)，長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)也是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)生豬和淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)主產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)，畜禽養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)磷排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)磷排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)68%，是(shi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)[5]；淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)塘(tang)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)分(fen)(fen)布廣泛(fan)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)池(chi)塘(tang)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)60%以(yi)上(shang)，但(dan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)處(chu)理設施(shi)(shi)(shi)配套(tao)不(bu)(bu)完善(shan)，養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)達(da)(da)標排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)風險大(da)(da)。汛(xun)期水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)明(ming)顯(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物隨降雨徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進入地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)汛(xun)期長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。在長江(jiang)干流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)82個(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)控監測(ce)(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)，2021年汛(xun)期（6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）的(de)(de)(de)Ⅰ—Ⅱ類(lei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)74.4%、70.7%和81.7%；6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)Ⅰ—Ⅱ類(lei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)低于1—5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)Ⅰ—Ⅱ類(lei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)平均值（79.7%）。長江(jiang)支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)惡化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)明(ming)顯(xian)，在504條支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)923個(ge)(ge)監測(ce)(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)，Ⅰ—Ⅱ類(lei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)61.0%，低于全(quan)(quan)年平均值70.6%[6]。污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)差異(yi)性(xing)顯(xian)著(zhu)長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)橫(heng)跨我國(guo)(guo)地(di)勢三(san)級階梯、四個(ge)(ge)氣(qi)候(hou)帶(dai)(dai)，沿江(jiang)各區(qu)(qu)域(yu)資源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦差異(yi)明(ming)顯(xian)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)分(fen)(fen)布不(bu)(bu)均、經(jing)濟發展水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平差距(ju)大(da)(da)，導(dao)致流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)內(nei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)具(ju)有顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)空間差異(yi)性(xing)。長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)游(you)地(di)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)丘陵山區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，地(di)形破碎、地(di)勢落差大(da)(da)、降雨集中(zhong)(zhong)，加之陡(dou)坡(po)過度墾殖(zhi)，導(dao)致水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)失嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。長江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)游(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)失面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)失總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)2/3，為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)遷(qian)移進入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)提供(gong)了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要載體(ti)(ti)[7]。相比(bi)較而(er)言(yan)，長江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游(you)平原(yuan)河網區(qu)(qu)地(di)勢低平、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系發達(da)(da)，但(dan)往(wang)復流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)自凈能力較差。作為(wei)(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)稻麥主產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)，2020年長江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游(you)糧食(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)23.38%。在“石油農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)”模(mo)式下，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)高、資源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)利用率低，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氮(dan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)主要來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)[8]。不(bu)(bu)同區(qu)(qu)域(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)特征及成(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu)，這給流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)內(nei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)精準(zhun)防控帶(dai)(dai)來(lai)(lai)嚴峻挑戰。

長江流域農業面源污染防治存在的問題

現有監測評估體系無法滿足農業面源污染綜合監督管理需求

長期以來，長江流域(yu)農業(ye)(ye)農村部(bu)門(men)、生(sheng)態(tai)環境部(bu)門(men)和(he)水利部(bu)門(men)等根據(ju)職責分工(gong)開展了大量監測(ce)工(gong)作，分別建立了不(bu)同尺度(du)和(he)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)監測(ce)體(ti)系(xi)，獲取了包括種植業(ye)(ye)流失系(xi)數(shu)、水質、水文等指標在內的(de)大量數(shu)據(ju)[9-10]。但現有(you)(you)監測(ce)體(ti)系(xi)未能系(xi)統(tong)刻畫(hua)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)特征和(he)遷移(yi)轉(zhuan)化過程，存(cun)在水質、水量監測(ce)時空不(bu)同步，監測(ce)斷(duan)面(mian)空間分布密度(du)低(di)，監測(ce)頻次未兼顧農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)發生(sheng)規(gui)律(lv)等問(wen)題。目(mu)前尚(shang)未形成多部(bu)門(men)協同的(de)農業(ye)(ye)源(yuan)—空間傳(chuan)輸—受(shou)納水體(ti)的(de)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)全鏈條監測(ce)網(wang)絡(luo)，難以為農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)負荷評估和(he)治理(li)績效考核提(ti)供有(you)(you)力的(de)基礎(chu)數(shu)據(ju)支撐。

農業面源污染全過程治理技術模式還有很大提升空間

近年(nian)來，農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村污染(ran)治理攻堅戰的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施以及水(shui)體污染(ran)控(kong)制(zhi)與治理科技(ji)重(zhong)大專項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術示(shi)范(fan)(fan)，有效推進(jin)了長江(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)農(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)治理工作，一批樣板模式逐(zhu)步顯現。圍繞種植業(ye)和(he)養(yang)(yang)殖業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“源頭減量—循環(huan)(huan)利(li)用(yong)—過程(cheng)(cheng)攔(lan)截— 末端治理”全過程(cheng)(cheng)農(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)治理技(ji)術模式在長江(jiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)太湖(hu)苕(tiao)溪、江(jiang)蘇(su)武進(jin)、巢湖(hu)店埠河等代(dai)表(biao)性區域(yu)(yu)實(shi)現了示(shi)范(fan)(fan)應用(yong)[11-12]。受流(liu)域(yu)(yu)耕地結構破碎化、肥料施用(yong)量高等因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，雖(sui)然各地區對(dui)種植業(ye)源頭防控(kong)重(zhong)視程(cheng)(cheng)度高，但是對(dui)過程(cheng)(cheng)攔(lan)截和(he)養(yang)(yang)分(fen)回(hui)用(yong)技(ji)術重(zhong)視程(cheng)(cheng)度低，導(dao)致(zhi)氮、磷等多來源養(yang)(yang)分(fen)尚未(wei)得到充(chong)分(fen)循環(huan)(huan)與利(li)用(yong)[13]。各地區缺乏流(liu)域(yu)(yu)層面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以系統管控(kong)為思路、針對(dui)不同區域(yu)(yu)污染(ran)物(wu)類型和(he)排放特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術優選配置與集成(cheng)。相關技(ji)術標準(zhun)尚未(wei)對(dui)已建(jian)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術工程(cheng)(cheng)措(cuo)施進(jin)行統一規范(fan)(fan)，導(dao)致(zhi)示(shi)范(fan)(fan)工程(cheng)(cheng)可推廣性差，且未(wei)能建(jian)立長效運行保障機制(zhi)。

現有農業面源污染防治成效評估缺乏剛性約束和行為引導

當前，針(zhen)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)管(guan)控(kong)政(zheng)策，長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶各省（市）出(chu)臺了(le)化(hua)肥農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)減量、畜(chu)禽養殖廢棄物資源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)用等管(guan)理(li)(li)政(zheng)策和(he)(he)考核辦法[14]，然(ran)而單純考核化(hua)肥、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)削減量和(he)(he)糞污資源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)用率并不(bu)能全(quan)面(mian)評(ping)估農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)對(dui)水環境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量的實際影(ying)響。目前，一些地方已開展(zhan)了(le)以水環境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量改善為導向的農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)評(ping)估考核，如重(zhong)慶市永川區將(jiang)畜(chu)禽養殖和(he)(he)水產養殖污染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)工(gong)作納(na)入單項(xiang)考核，制定了(le)水環境(jing)(jing)綜合(he)治(zhi)理(li)(li)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)相結合(he)的綜合(he)評(ping)估辦法。然(ran)而，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)具有污染(ran)(ran)(ran)類型多樣、影(ying)響因(yin)素復雜、空間異質(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)強等特(te)點(dian)，導致不(bu)同空間單元污染(ran)(ran)(ran)產生量、遷移轉化(hua)方式、工(gong)程治(zhi)理(li)(li)績效(xiao)以及污染(ran)(ran)(ran)對(dui)受納(na)水體水質(zhi)(zhi)的貢獻情況差異顯著(zhu)，這給(gei)統一設置以水環境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量改善為目標(biao)的績效(xiao)考核指標(biao)和(he)(he)內(nei)容帶來挑戰。農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)(ran)(ran)的分散性(xing)、累積性(xing)、隱蔽(bi)性(xing)和(he)(he)滯后性(xing)等特(te)點(dian)，也加大了(le)責(ze)任(ren)邊界厘清、責(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)體辨(bian)識、歷史責(ze)任(ren)區分的難度。

長江流域農業面源污染防治對策建議

“十四五”時期是農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)(ran)防治的(de)深(shen)入(ru)推進期，也是長江經濟帶(dai)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境保護和(he)實現綠色(se)發展的(de)攻堅(jian)期。為推進農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)(ran)防治工(gong)作，生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境部和(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部聯合印發《農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)(ran)治理(li)與監(jian)(jian)督(du)指導(dao)實施(shi)方案（試行(xing)）》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《實施(shi)方案》），涉(she)及農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)(ran)防治、政策機制、監(jian)(jian)督(du)管理(li)等主(zhu)要任務，對(dui)深(shen)入(ru)打好(hao)污染(ran)(ran)防治攻堅(jian)戰(zhan)具有(you)重要的(de)現實意義。為持續(xu)提(ti)升長江流域農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)(ran)防治能力，筆者提(ti)出以下(xia)三方面(mian)建議(yi)。

加強長江流域農業面源污染監測管理全鏈條防控技術支撐體系建設

針對(dui)(dui)制約長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)流(liu)域水質持續(xu)提(ti)升的(de)(de)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)問題，以說清(qing)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)水體(ti)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)貢獻、查(cha)清(qing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)頭和(he)(he)種類為(wei)問題導向，以構建農業(ye)(ye)最佳治(zhi)理(li)技(ji)術(shu)模(mo)(mo)式、污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防控管(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式及政策(ce)為(wei)目標導向，從流(liu)域整體(ti)性(xing)出發(fa)，構建長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)流(liu)域農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)“測(ce)—溯—算—治(zhi)—管(guan)”全(quan)鏈條防控技(ji)術(shu)支(zhi)撐(cheng)體(ti)系，創(chuang)新治(zhi)理(li)和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式。已有(you)經驗表明，扎實的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)和(he)(he)科學(xue)的(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)負(fu)荷評(ping)估是合理(li)制定(ding)防控政策(ce)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。針對(dui)(dui)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)實時監(jian)測(ce)干擾大(da)、流(liu)量(liang)變(bian)化(hua)快(kuai)、汛(xun)期集中等監(jian)測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)難(nan)點(dian)，研發(fa)分布(bu)式多層(ceng)級面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)監(jian)測(ce)網絡(luo)布(bu)設優化(hua)、多場景自適應水質水量(liang)在(zai)線(xian)同步監(jian)測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)，建立基(ji)(ji)于(yu)傳感器、衛星遙感、在(zai)線(xian)監(jian)測(ce)等多技(ji)術(shu)、多實施(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)協同的(de)(de)智(zhi)能化(hua)農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)監(jian)測(ce)網絡(luo)系統。針對(dui)(dui)目前農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)機(ji)理(li)不明、污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)通(tong)量(liang)貢獻不清(qing)、模(mo)(mo)擬參數確定(ding)困難(nan)、計(ji)算精度偏低(di)等問題，耦合監(jian)測(ce)、溯源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)型模(mo)(mo)擬技(ji)術(shu)，提(ti)升流(liu)域農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物通(tong)量(liang)和(he)(he)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)負(fu)荷核算的(de)(de)精準度、時效性(xing)和(he)(he)可靠(kao)性(xing)，為(wei)制定(ding)科學(xue)精準的(de)(de)治(zhi)理(li)方案奠定(ding)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、提(ti)供支(zhi)撐(cheng)。

持續構建分區分類農業面源污染全過程系統防控治理技術模式

“十四五(wu)”時期(qi)是推(tui)動(dong)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)經(jing)濟帶污(wu)(wu)(wu)染治(zhi)(zhi)理提(ti)(ti)質(zhi)擴面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，夯實(shi)沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)各省（市）污(wu)(wu)(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)關鍵期(qi)。建(jian)(jian)議針(zhen)對(dui)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流域(yu)農業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)復(fu)雜(za)、污(wu)(wu)(wu)染交(jiao)互影響、區(qu)域(yu)差異明顯(xian)等特(te)點(dian)，以環境(jing)承(cheng)載力為前提(ti)(ti)，從(cong)全(quan)(quan)鏈條循環—全(quan)(quan)時空配(pei)置—全(quan)(quan)過程防控(kong)出發，形成(cheng)典(dian)型區(qu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)—肥—廢棄物時空統籌配(pei)置的(de)(de)農業種植(zhi)與畜禽養殖污(wu)(wu)(wu)染最佳治(zhi)(zhi)理技(ji)(ji)術模(mo)式(shi)。針(zhen)對(dui)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)流域(yu)丘陵山區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土流失嚴(yan)(yan)重、農田灌(guan)溉(gai)系統不完善的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，形成(cheng)以固(gu)土保肥—分散(san)堆肥— 藤(teng)蔓式(shi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理為主要(yao)(yao)特(te)征的(de)(de)農田排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)梯級“減—攔—蓄—用(yong)(yong)”治(zhi)(zhi)理技(ji)(ji)術模(mo)式(shi)；針(zhen)對(dui)平(ping)原河(he)網區(qu)雨量(liang)充沛、農田徑流路徑短、往復(fu)流嚴(yan)(yan)重和污(wu)(wu)(wu)染削減困難的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，形成(cheng)以低碳生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)—集(ji)中快速(su)堆肥—網絡式(shi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理為主要(yao)(yao)特(te)征的(de)(de)農田排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)“控(kong)—攔—滯(zhi)—用(yong)(yong)”治(zhi)(zhi)理技(ji)(ji)術模(mo)式(shi)。最終(zhong)，集(ji)成(cheng)與創新污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物源(yuan)(yuan)頭減量(liang)、資源(yuan)(yuan)多(duo)途(tu)徑利用(yong)(yong)、污(wu)(wu)(wu)染多(duo)層級控(kong)制(zhi)等技(ji)(ji)術和產(chan)(chan)品(pin)裝(zhuang)備(bei)，加快建(jian)(jian)設農業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染處(chu)理配(pei)套設施，建(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)農業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染防治(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術標準。積極貫徹推(tui)進《實(shi)施方案》在長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)經(jing)濟帶江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、安徽、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西、湖北、湖南、四川、云南和貴州9省開展的(de)(de)農業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)治(zhi)(zhi)理與監督指導試(shi)點(dian)工作(zuo)，總結形成(cheng)一批可復(fu)制(zhi)、可推(tui)廣的(de)(de)農業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染治(zhi)(zhi)理技(ji)(ji)術模(mo)式(shi)，逐步形成(cheng)規模(mo)化與產(chan)(chan)業化效應。

率先構建以環境質量改善為核心的農業面源污染治理績效評估體系

績效評(ping)(ping)估考核是(shi)落實農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)主體(ti)責(ze)(ze)任、倒逼水污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)的(de)重要監管方式之一。結合當前我國水環(huan)境質量考核工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)實際需求，建議(yi)從農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)成(cheng)效和防治(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)開展(zhan)情況(kuang)兩個方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)推進農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)績效評(ping)(ping)估工(gong)作(zuo)。以定(ding)量化指(zhi)標(biao)引(yin)導工(gong)作(zuo)，以反映(ying)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)效果為(wei)目(mu)標(biao)，以斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)主要污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物濃度和通量，田(tian)間(jian)氮磷(lin)等(deng)組分流失率(lv)、削減率(lv)等(deng)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，構建農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防治(zhi)成(cheng)效評(ping)(ping)估指(zhi)標(biao)；以人員技(ji)(ji)術(shu)投入、能力建設、制(zhi)度保障(zhang)等(deng)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)構建工(gong)作(zuo)開展(zhan)情況(kuang)評(ping)(ping)估指(zhi)標(biao)；最終形成(cheng)以通量監測、污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)溯(su)源(yuan)、負荷核算和最佳(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)模(mo)式為(wei)支(zhi)撐，融合面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)相關(guan)數據、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方法的(de)來源(yuan)清(qing)晰、責(ze)(ze)任明確(que)的(de)長江流域農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)(li)績效評(ping)(ping)估體(ti)系。建議(yi)率(lv)先在(zai)長江經(jing)濟帶9省農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)治(zhi)理(li)(li)與監督指(zhi)導試點縣(xian)開展(zhan)示范，總結形成(cheng)分區分類差(cha)異(yi)化的(de)農業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)(li)績效評(ping)(ping)估模(mo)式，并逐步向全國推廣(guang)應用。

致(zhi)謝：文中部分觀點(dian)得到朱昌雄、姚志鵬、葉春(chun)、戴曉虎等專家的指(zhi)導支持，作(zuo)者一并表示感謝！

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