【谷騰環保網訊】近年(nian)來，我國(guo)城鎮生(sheng)活污(wu)水收(shou)集處(chu)理(li)能力顯(xian)著提(ti)升，但污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)理(li)設(she)施建設(she)總體仍顯(xian)滯后，污(wu)泥(ni)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利用渠道(dao)不(bu)暢，無(wu)害化(hua)特別是資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利用水平仍需(xu)增強。從中(zhong)央生(sheng)態環保督(du)察曝光的(de)多(duo)起典(dian)型案(an)例可(ke)以看到，有(you)的(de)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠積壓大量污(wu)泥(ni)無(wu)處(chu)可(ke)去(qu)，有(you)的(de)鋌而走險隨意(yi)堆(dui)棄，對(dui)周邊環境造成嚴重(zhong)影響。

污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥經過厭氧消化(hua)(hua)或好氧發酵堆(dui)肥(fei)工藝無害(hai)化(hua)(hua)處理后，進行(xing)堆(dui)肥(fei)回收利(li)用(yong)(yong)，能較好地保留污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥中(zhong)氮、磷(lin)等營(ying)養物質。“十(shi)四五”期間(jian)，國家鼓(gu)勵將城鎮生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理廠產生(sheng)(sheng)的污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥作(zuo)為肥(fei)料或土(tu)壤改良劑，用(yong)(yong)于國土(tu)綠化(hua)(hua)、園林建設、廢棄礦場以及(ji)非農用(yong)(yong)的鹽堿地和沙化(hua)(hua)地。然而，當前我國污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥處理無害(hai)化(hua)(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)填埋焚燒和作(zuo)為建材應用(yong)(yong)等占比較高，污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥制肥(fei)作(zuo)為資源化(hua)(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)的重要出路(lu)，仍有很(hen)大發展空間(jian)。

目前城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置(zhi)涉及(ji)(ji)土(tu)地利用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準，參照國家標(biao)準中園(yuan)林綠(lv)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、土(tu)地改良用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、農(nong)用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和林地用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等標(biao)準執行，而(er)制約(yue)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)堆肥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素是泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能否穩定達(da)到(dao)這些標(biao)準。比如，有的(de)(de)地方污(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網及(ji)(ji)工業(ye)廢水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置(zhi)設施建設滯后，工業(ye)廢水(shui)與(yu)城鎮(zhen)生活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)混接(jie)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置(zhi)，產生的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無法(fa)穩定達(da)標(biao)；某地由于(yu)部(bu)門協同不足，污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)堆肥處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置(zhi)后的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)通道尚未打通，有關部(bu)門以(yi)(yi)堆肥產品(pin)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不穩定為(wei)由不予以(yi)(yi)審批，使(shi)(shi)得堆肥產品(pin)無法(fa)真正實現資源化(hua)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。筆者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)，要(yao)做好以(yi)(yi)下幾方面工作，推動“變泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)為(wei)寶”。

加(jia)快污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分質處(chu)理(li)。強化工(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網(wang)設施(shi)及處(chu)置設施(shi)建設，結合(he)(he)城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)提質增效、工(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染整治專項(xiang)行動，補齊工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)集(ji)(ji)中收集(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)短(duan)板。對(dui)于化工(gong)、電鍍、印染等排(pai)放含重金屬、難(nan)生化降解廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)、高鹽(yan)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)，嚴控(kong)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)不得排(pai)入城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)集(ji)(ji)中收集(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)設施(shi)。加(jia)強城鎮(zhen)生活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網(wang)源頭管(guan)控(kong)排(pai)查，確保污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)泥(ni)質符(fu)合(he)(he)國家規定的城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)廠(chang)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)泥(ni)質控(kong)制指標(biao)要求。

完善泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)利用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準。部(bu)分(fen)城鎮污(wu)水處(chu)理廠污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)置用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)國家標(biao)準和(he)行業標(biao)準均已發(fa)布10余年，但使用(yong)(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)求的施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)方式(shi)、施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量、施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時間及(ji)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)頻次等未作(zuo)出詳細規定。應結合(he)綠色生態屏(ping)障土壤、地表水及(ji)淺層地下水特性和(he)環境背景值，對相關(guan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準、污(wu)泥(ni)處(chu)理產物及(ji)衍(yan)生產品標(biao)準加快(kuai)制(zhi)修訂。筆者建議，可借鑒北京(jing)市實(shi)施(shi)(shi)的《污(wu)泥(ni)產品林(lin)地施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范》等，加快(kuai)制(zhi)定實(shi)施(shi)(shi)更為細化的污(wu)泥(ni)泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)地方標(biao)準。

加(jia)強(qiang)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)協同(tong)(tong)監管(guan)。地方政(zheng)府(fu)應加(jia)強(qiang)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)資源化(hua)(hua)利用(yong)處置(zhi)的統籌協調(diao)，形成生(sheng)態環境、林(lin)業(ye)、住建(jian)(jian)等(deng)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)協同(tong)(tong)的處置(zhi)機制。生(sheng)態環境部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)加(jia)強(qiang)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)標(biao)準檢測(ce)管(guan)理(li)，林(lin)業(ye)、住建(jian)(jian)等(deng)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)確(que)保園林(lin)綠化(hua)(hua)用(yong)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)肥料渠道暢通，堅(jian)決抵(di)制未經檢測(ce)就以污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)不達標(biao)為由不發放(fang)審(shen)批資質(zhi)的情況，優先在國有林(lin)場(chang)推廣泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)用(yong)肥，在確(que)保污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)合規處理(li)的同(tong)(tong)時，提(ti)升資源化(hua)(hua)利用(yong)水平。

強化(hua)科技創(chuang)新支撐。開(kai)展污(wu)(wu)泥處理和資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利用創(chuang)新技術應用，鼓勵處置(zhi)企業加(jia)強植物肥料、種植基(ji)質與栽培載體的(de)銜接(jie)，推(tui)廣厭氧消(xiao)化(hua)沼氣熱電(dian)聯(lian)產技術等，通過技術進步不斷提(ti)高(gao)不同(tong)用途(tu)污(wu)(wu)泥產品(pin)的(de)種類、品(pin)質，推(tui)動污(wu)(wu)泥處置(zhi)真正(zheng)實現無害化(hua)、多(duo)元化(hua)、資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)。

作者單位：生態環境部華(hua)北督察局

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