【谷騰環保網訊】鹽(yan)堿(jian)地(di)綜合利(li)用對保障國(guo)家糧食安全、端牢中國(guo)飯碗具有重(zhong)(zhong)要戰略意義。習近平總書記曾在(zai)(zai)多(duo)個場合強調了加(jia)強鹽(yan)堿(jian)地(di)綜合利(li)用的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要性。鹽(yan)堿(jian)地(di)多(duo)地(di)處生(sheng)態環(huan)境脆弱區和敏感區域，在(zai)(zai)挖掘(jue)鹽(yan)堿(jian)地(di)開發(fa)利(li)用潛力、拓展(zhan)農業生(sheng)產空間的(de)同時，要關注其可能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)生(sheng)態環(huan)境影響。

鹽堿地(di)開發利用現狀與(yu)特(te)點

優質可墾資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)有限。我國鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)主(zhu)要分布(bu)在濱海海浸鹽漬(zi)區(qu)、東北蘇打堿(jian)化鹽漬(zi)區(qu)、青藏高(gao)寒鹽漬(zi)區(qu)等區(qu)域(yu)。第三(san)次全國國土(tu)調查(cha)結果顯示(shi)，全國鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)共(gong)有1.15億畝。40多年來(lai)，條件較好的鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)已經基本得到利(li)用，剩下的鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)大多面臨水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保障(zhang)不足(zu)、開發利(li)用成本高(gao)、“以種適地(di)(di)(di)(di)”配套機制(zhi)不完善等問題。“三(san)北”等地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)大量鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)上植被稀疏，防風固沙(sha)能力(li)差，還面臨荒漠化風險(xian)加劇風險(xian)。由于(yu)鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生態(tai)環境敏感脆(cui)弱，其中適宜開發為耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)的鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)應以做好生態(tai)管控為前提。

開發利用難度(du)增大。我國鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)大部分(fen)位于水資源(yuan)匱乏、生態(tai)敏(min)感(gan)脆弱(ruo)的地(di)(di)區，鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)治(zhi)(zhi)理主要依賴流(liu)域(yu)調(diao)水。鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)采取洗鹽(yan)排鹽(yan)、土壤改(gai)(gai)良培肥等措施后，若不(bu)持(chi)續開展治(zhi)(zhi)理和(he)壓鹽(yan)，很容易再次返鹽(yan)返堿(jian)(jian)，水資源(yuan)能(neng)否(fou)保障成為綜合(he)利用的難點。我國過去通過占補平衡項目等開發了一定(ding)規模的鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)，但是(shi)對于土壤堿(jian)(jian)化(hua)度(du)高，傳統(tong)改(gai)(gai)良方式不(bu)適用，采用新技術、新方法治(zhi)(zhi)理的鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)，在實際生產過程中能(neng)否(fou)切(qie)實保障糧食安全和(he)生態(tai)安全還有待(dai)檢(jian)驗。

潛在的生態環境影響

鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)主要集(ji)中區(qu)農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和生(sheng)態(tai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)間的(de)矛盾將更加(jia)突(tu)出(chu)。我國“三(san)北(bei)”地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)面積占全(quan)國八成(cheng)以上，鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)改造利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)可能(neng)加(jia)劇農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和生(sheng)態(tai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)間的(de)矛盾。2022年，“三(san)北(bei)”地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)總量(liang)僅占全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)總量(liang)的(de)19.65%，但農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占全(quan)國農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)的(de)38.26%。此地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)3/4的(de)省(sheng)份農田灌溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)數高于全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平，意味著水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)挖潛空間有限，同時人工生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)補水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占全(quan)國人工生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)補水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)47.64%。隨著鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)開發(fa)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)力度加(jia)大，對(dui)于吉(ji)林(lin)西部、黑龍(long)江松嫩(nen)平原以及陜西、甘肅等鹽(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)相(xiang)對(dui)集(ji)中、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏、生(sheng)態(tai)敏感脆弱的(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)來說，不僅水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)供需矛盾可能(neng)更加(jia)突(tu)出(chu)，農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和生(sheng)態(tai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)間的(de)關系(xi)也更難處理。

重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利工(gong)程(cheng)建設可能(neng)(neng)(neng)引(yin)發區(qu)域流域尺度上的(de)(de)生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)風(feng)險。圍繞(rao)鹽(yan)堿地(di)(di)綜合利用關鍵環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源瓶(ping)頸，國家將在已建、在建水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎上適(shi)當拓展(zhan)和(he)(he)延伸，配合田間工(gong)程(cheng)等(deng)措(cuo)施對鹽(yan)堿化(hua)易發區(qu)域實施大(da)(da)中(zhong)型灌區(qu)續建配套(tao)與現代化(hua)改(gai)(gai)造，其中(zhong)隱藏的(de)(de)生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)風(feng)險需要引(yin)起重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)。一是(shi)(shi)調出區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情勢變(bian)(bian)化(hua)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)對河流和(he)(he)湖庫下游生態(tai)(tai)系統造成重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)；二是(shi)(shi)受水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情勢改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)周邊(bian)具有生態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)退(tui)化(hua)，并(bing)破壞魚類(lei)和(he)(he)鳥類(lei)棲息地(di)(di)；三是(shi)(shi)輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)線(xian)(xian)路滲漏可能(neng)(neng)(neng)引(yin)起地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)上升(sheng)、土(tu)壤(rang)次生鹽(yan)漬化(hua)、景觀連(lian)通性破壞和(he)(he)沿線(xian)(xian)湖庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文特征改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)；四是(shi)(shi)承泄(xie)區(qu)接納淋鹽(yan)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)灌溉(gai)退(tui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)將改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)鹽(yan)條(tiao)件，對周邊(bian)自然保護(hu)區(qu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產種質(zhi)資源保護(hu)區(qu)等(deng)敏感(gan)區(qu)產生影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。

土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改(gai)良(liang)(liang)劑(ji)和(he)(he)化肥(fei)農(nong)藥如果(guo)使(shi)用不當，可能加(jia)劇農(nong)業面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)。鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)地(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)開(kai)發、糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)增(zeng)產(chan)、防災防害等各環(huan)節都會增(zeng)加(jia)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改(gai)良(liang)(liang)劑(ji)和(he)(he)農(nong)藥化肥(fei)的使(shi)用量，這(zhe)些化學物質(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)地(di)(di)中殘留(liu)、累積和(he)(he)遷移，可能造(zao)成(cheng)新(xin)的面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)和(he)(he)生(sheng)態風(feng)險。比如，在(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改(gai)良(liang)(liang)階(jie)段(duan)，一般會添加(jia)磷石(shi)膏(gao)、有機肥(fei)、腐殖酸、生(sheng)物質(zhi)(zhi)炭等改(gai)良(liang)(liang)劑(ji)，如未能因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜和(he)(he)根(gen)據土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)理化性質(zhi)(zhi)變化及時調整改(gai)良(liang)(liang)劑(ji)的種類和(he)(he)使(shi)用方法(fa)，可能引(yin)起(qi)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)退化加(jia)劇、產(chan)生(sheng)二(er)次污染(ran)，甚至(zhi)破壞(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)地(di)(di)生(sheng)態系統平衡，對糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)安全和(he)(he)人(ren)類健康造(zao)成(cheng)風(feng)險。在(zai)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)階(jie)段(duan)，如果(guo)仍采取以(yi)農(nong)藥、化肥(fei)、除草劑(ji)為核心(xin)的耕作方式，將(jiang)對鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)地(di)(di)水循(xun)環(huan)功(gong)能、水質(zhi)(zhi)凈化功(gong)能、過濾功(gong)能以(yi)及生(sheng)態功(gong)能產(chan)生(sheng)影(ying)響(xiang)，加(jia)劇區域面(mian)源(yuan)污染(ran)。

對策建議

統(tong)籌糧食(shi)安全(quan)和生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全(quan)，優化鹽堿(jian)地(di)開(kai)發利用(yong)(yong)格局。鹽堿(jian)地(di)綜合利用(yong)(yong)是(shi)一項系統(tong)工程，很難一步到位(wei)。要全(quan)面考慮區(qu)(qu)域土(tu)地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)、水資(zi)源(yuan)承載能力和鹽堿(jian)地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)服務(wu)功能，統(tong)籌好(hao)(hao)糧食(shi)安全(quan)和生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全(quan)的關(guan)系。銜(xian)接(jie)國土(tu)空間(jian)規(gui)劃(hua)，并利用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)分區(qu)(qu)管控成果，分區(qu)(qu)研判鹽堿(jian)地(di)綜合利用(yong)(yong)方(fang)式可能帶來的生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)問題(ti)，分析(xi)對周(zhou)邊自然保護區(qu)(qu)、水產(chan)種質資(zi)源(yuan)保護區(qu)(qu)、水源(yuan)保護區(qu)(qu)、濕地(di)等環境(jing)敏(min)感區(qu)(qu)的生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)影響，提出(chu)預防(fang)保障措施和防(fang)治預案。協(xie)同(tong)考慮保護黑土(tu)地(di)、治理重金屬污染區(qu)(qu)、整治耕地(di)退化區(qu)(qu)及(ji)其(qi)周(zhou)邊生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)，適度有序安全(quan)開(kai)發符(fu)合條件的鹽堿(jian)地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)，處理好(hao)(hao)耕地(di)利用(yong)(yong)與生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保護之(zhi)間(jian)的關(guan)系。

堅持以(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)定地，協調好水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)開發和(he)(he)鹽(yan)堿地建設關(guan)系。無論(lun)是(shi)采取物理(li)(li)措(cuo)施(shi)、化(hua)學措(cuo)施(shi)還(huan)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物措(cuo)施(shi)改良(liang)鹽(yan)堿地，均對水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)有較強的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)賴性。對此，要遵循(xun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)鹽(yan)運動(dong)自然規(gui)律，統籌(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)配(pei)套、灌(guan)區建設和(he)(he)改造(zao)工程(cheng)項(xiang)目，嚴(yan)格把控地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位，充分(fen)考(kao)慮農(nong)(nong)田水(shui)(shui)(shui)利工程(cheng)實施(shi)和(he)(he)運行(xing)過程(cheng)中可(ke)能帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境影響。對于(yu)(yu)灌(guan)溉退水(shui)(shui)(shui)不能排入(ru)大海的(de)(de)(de)內陸地區，要研究科學安全的(de)(de)(de)排放和(he)(he)處理(li)(li)方式，同時論(lun)證微咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)、咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)、農(nong)(nong)田排水(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)非常規(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)對于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)田生(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)(de)(de)安全性；重點關(guan)注(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)田回歸(gui)(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)對涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區、水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)種質資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區、水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區等(deng)敏感區域的(de)(de)(de)影響，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)回歸(gui)(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)分(fen)對承(cheng)泄區泡沼水(shui)(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)影響。充分(fen)防范(fan)灌(guan)溉渠系和(he)(he)田間灌(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)滲漏可(ke)能引起的(de)(de)(de)地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位上升，以(yi)及(ji)鹽(yan)分(fen)積累(lei)到一定程(cheng)度可(ke)能出現的(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)沼澤化(hua)和(he)(he)鹽(yan)澤化(hua)風險。嚴(yan)格管控含(han)鹽(yan)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)、化(hua)肥農(nong)(nong)藥含(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)、化(hua)學改良(liang)劑含(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)高(gao)(gao)”排水(shui)(shui)(shui)，防范(fan)農(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)污染加劇。

加強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)論(lun)證，做好(hao)事(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)后監管(guan)(guan)工作。鹽堿地綜(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)應以可(ke)持續利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)為(wei)目標，做好(hao)事(shi)前事(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)后環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)理工作。一是(shi)為(wei)充分(fen)(fen)落實(shi)(shi)(shi)國家(jia)推動鹽堿地綜(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)相關(guan)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)于分(fen)(fen)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)類開展鹽堿地綜(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)決策(ce)(ce)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、避(bi)讓生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)敏感和脆(cui)弱區(qu)域(yu)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)水資源(yuan)(yuan)開發利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)強(qiang)度、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)化肥農藥等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護要求，從鹽堿地可(ke)持續利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)角度出(chu)發，構建多部(bu)門協同工作機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)(dui)各地制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)鹽堿地綜(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)配套政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)開展生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，強(qiang)化源(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)預防。二(er)是(shi)地方主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門要推進政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、規劃及項目環(huan)(huan)(huan)評中(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)的(de)相關(guan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)要求落地實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)，科學統籌水資源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)配、農業面源(yuan)(yuan)污染等(deng)痛點堵點問題，適(shi)度有序安全開發符(fu)合(he)條件的(de)鹽堿地資源(yuan)(yuan)，并適(shi)開展實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)效果評估。對(dui)(dui)于跨區(qu)域(yu)流域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)問題，要啟動政(zheng)府和部(bu)門間會商機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，共同研(yan)究(jiu)減緩生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)的(de)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)(ce)措施(shi)。

作者單位(wei)：生態環境(jing)部環境(jing)工程評(ping)估中心

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