【谷騰環保網訊】近年來(lai)，隨(sui)著全(quan)球氣候變暖(nuan)，江河(he)流域暴(bao)雨洪澇干旱災害的(de)突發性(xing)、極端性(xing)、反常(chang)性(xing)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)明顯，對飲(yin)用水(shui)水(shui)源環境監管帶來(lai)了(le)新(xin)挑戰。進(jin)入主汛(xun)期，各方需以高度的(de)責任感(gan)和(he)緊迫(po)感(gan)，協(xie)同推進(jin)各項(xiang)措(cuo)施落實(shi)落細(xi)，全(quan)力守護好(hao)人民(min)群(qun)眾的(de)飲(yin)水(shui)安全(quan)。

建立跨部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)協(xie)作機(ji)制，織密汛期水(shui)環(huan)境安(an)全聯(lian)防(fang)聯(lian)控防(fang)護網。一是(shi)建立聯(lian)防(fang)聯(lian)控體系，統(tong)一指揮、分(fen)級負責、部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)聯(lian)動，構(gou)建跨部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)協(xie)同(tong)的水(shui)源(yuan)—水(shui)量—水(shui)質“三位一體”應(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)機(ji)制，實(shi)(shi)現全鏈(lian)條風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)控。二是(shi)實(shi)(shi)現跨部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)數據互聯(lian)互通，落實(shi)(shi)《政務數據共(gong)享(xiang)條例》，建議由相關部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)牽頭搭建跨部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)數據共(gong)享(xiang)平(ping)臺，整合(he)水(shui)利、生(sheng)態環(huan)境、自然資(zi)源(yuan)、氣象等部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)相關信息，實(shi)(shi)現從水(shui)情預(yu)報到污染預(yu)警的全鏈(lian)條監測(ce)。三是(shi)聯(lian)合(he)開展應(ying)急(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)戰演練，包括制定聯(lian)合(he)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)規(gui)程，開展多災(zai)種疊加(jia)實(shi)(shi)戰演練，確保“測(ce)、報、防(fang)、抗、救”等各環(huan)節無縫(feng)銜接，切實(shi)(shi)筑牢(lao)生(sheng)態安(an)全屏障。

加強(qiang)(qiang)風險(xian)(xian)智慧(hui)預(yu)警(jing)與源(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)防(fang)(fang)控，提升(sheng)應對洪澇災(zai)(zai)害韌(ren)性。一是(shi)發揮河(he)（湖）長制(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)，對各地(di)區集(ji)中式飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保護區汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)環境問題開展督(du)(du)導(dao)核查(cha)，防(fang)(fang)范(fan)汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)和(he)退水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境質量惡化(hua)或(huo)(huo)者發生重(zhong)大水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)事(shi)件(jian)，切(qie)實(shi)保障人(ren)民群眾飲(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)。二是(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)風險(xian)(xian)動態感知與評(ping)估，實(shi)時掌握(wo)雨情(qing)、汛(xun)情(qing)、險(xian)(xian)情(qing)、災(zai)(zai)情(qing)信(xin)息。全(quan)面排查(cha)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保護區、準保護區及(ji)上游地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)，對可能影響(xiang)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)藥、化(hua)工、制(zhi)革、電鍍、冶煉等重(zhong)點行業、重(zhong)點污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)，以及(ji)危險(xian)(xian)廢物、尾(wei)礦庫(ku)和(he)化(hua)學品(pin)等，強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)監督(du)(du)管理，指導(dao)督(du)(du)促有(you)關(guan)單位采取有(you)效措施防(fang)(fang)范(fan)化(hua)解環境風險(xian)(xian)。三是(shi)堅持科技賦能，探索(suo)運用(yong)(yong)人(ren)工智能、物聯網(wang)、大數(shu)據等現代新興(xing)技術加強(qiang)(qiang)信(xin)息收集(ji)、分析和(he)研判，加密監測汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)河(he)流斷(duan)面和(he)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質，全(quan)面掌握(wo)上游來(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質及(ji)重(zhong)點污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)情(qing)況，對汛(xun)期(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)強(qiang)(qiang)度高(gao)值斷(duan)面和(he)存在(zai)風險(xian)(xian)隱患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)快速預(yu)警(jing)。健全(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)地(di)快速評(ping)估與切(qie)換機制(zhi)，若飲(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)地(di)受(shou)到(dao)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，應盡快選擇(ze)新的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)啟用(yong)(yong)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)。

分類施策補齊(qi)基(ji)礎設施短板，共(gong)筑(zhu)防汛搶險救災(zai)堅固防線。一是(shi)組(zu)織排查重(zhong)點(dian)河流(liu)、重(zhong)要湖庫、集中式(shi)飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)等(deng)環境敏感區域環境風(feng)險，嚴查各飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)單(dan)位水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染事件(jian)應急(ji)處(chu)理預案落實情況。二是(shi)加強(qiang)對農(nong)(nong)村分散式(shi)飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)的風(feng)險排查，加快補齊(qi)農(nong)(nong)村飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全與供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)障短板。三是(shi)發(fa)揮社區、村委等(deng)基(ji)層組(zu)織戰(zhan)斗堡壘作用(yong)，及時(shi)清理水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)周邊(bian)及上游的污(wu)泥、垃圾、秸稈、畜禽糞(fen)污(wu)等(deng)污(wu)染源(yuan)，做好(hao)廁所等(deng)關鍵(jian)部位的清潔衛(wei)生(sheng)。結(jie)合深化“接訴(su)即辦(ban)”改革工(gong)作，鼓勵公眾(zhong)通過12345熱(re)線等(deng)渠道(dao)反映隱患線索，共(gong)同維(wei)護汛期生(sheng)態環境安全。

提(ti)升應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)效能，守住汛期水(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全底線。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)樹(shu)牢底線思(si)維、極限(xian)思(si)維，各級(ji)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境部門要加強汛期和極端天氣應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)值守，做好環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)準(zhun)備(bei)。關注雨情、水(shui)(shui)(shui)情和可能影響(xiang)飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境安(an)全的情況，嚴格落實應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)值守和信息(xi)報(bao)送(song)制度，做到重大敏感突發環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境事(shi)(shi)件第一(yi)(yi)時(shi)間報(bao)告(gao)、按規定公開信息(xi)、及(ji)時(shi)回應(ying)(ying)(ying)社會關切(qie)。二是(shi)貫徹“空(kong)間均衡”策(ce)略，根據汛期特點(dian)完善重點(dian)河流環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)“一(yi)(yi)河一(yi)(yi)策(ce)一(yi)(yi)圖”，細化(hua)飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源地(di)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)措(cuo)施，儲備(bei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)物資(zi)，有效提(ti)升應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)能力。三是(shi)組織(zhi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)監測備(bei)勤，保持(chi)隨時(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)執行(xing)任務的工作狀(zhuang)態，分析(xi)研判洪澇災害事(shi)(shi)件對飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源地(di)可能造成的生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境影響(xiang)以及(ji)發展趨勢(shi)，全面排查污染(ran)影響(xiang)范圍，提(ti)出科學、精準(zhun)、快速的處置(zhi)方案(an)。

作者單位(wei)：羅錦(jin)程(cheng)，湖南省環(huan)(huan)境保護(hu)科(ke)學研究院(yuan)；康玉麟，中國環(huan)(huan)境科(ke)學研究院(yuan)

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