1、啤酒廢水主要污染物及其設計指標

根據啤(pi)(pi)酒(jiu)生產(chan)工藝特點，生產(chan)過程中排放(fang)的主要污(wu)染物是pH、CODCr、BOD5和SS，其中，CODCr、BOD5、SS的濃度均(jun)在1500mg/L~2500mg/L之(zhi)間，屬(shu)高濃度有(you)機廢(fei)水(shui)。從新疆(jiang)烏蘇啤(pi)(pi)酒(jiu)有(you)限責任公司生產(chan)運行(xing)過程中產(chan)生的廢(fei)水(shui)水(shui)質監測(ce)資料(liao)分析(xi)，見(jian)表(biao)1，廢(fei)水(shui)中有(you)機污(wu)染物濃度較高，采用常規生物處(chu)理技術很(hen)難(nan)實現達標排放(fang)。

表1　啤(pi)酒廢水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)量實測值

參照(zhao)新疆烏(wu)蘇啤酒有限責任(ren)公司(si)生(sheng)(sheng)產運(yun)行過(guo)程中(zhong)產生(sheng)(sheng)的廢水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測結果(guo)，確定公司(si)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設施進水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)量設計指標，見表2。

表2 污(wu)水處(chu)理設(she)施設(she)計指標

2、深井曝氣處理工藝及說明

深井曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(即超深水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi))工藝(yi)是(shi)采用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)為(wei)(wei)主、物(wu)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)為(wei)(wei)輔的工藝(yi)技術，實際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)以地(di)下(xia)深井作為(wei)(wei)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)的活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法，曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)由(you)下(xia)降(jiang)管(guan)及上(shang)(shang)升管(guan)組成(cheng)。將(jiang)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)引入(ru)下(xia)降(jiang)管(guan)，在(zai)井內(nei)循環(huan)，空氣(qi)(qi)注(zhu)入(ru)下(xia)降(jiang)管(guan)或同時注(zhu)入(ru)兩管(guan)中(zhong)，混合(he)液(ye)則由(you)上(shang)(shang)升管(guan)排(pai)至(zhi)(zhi)固液(ye)分(fen)離裝置(zhi)，廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)循環(huan)是(shi)靠上(shang)(shang)升管(guan)和下(xia)降(jiang)管(guan)的靜(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓力差進(jin)行的。其處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)工藝(yi)流(liu)程為(wei)(wei)：廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經格柵(zha)除渣機去除直徑>1.5mm的大顆粒懸浮物(wu)后(hou)流(liu)入(ru)集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)，初步調(diao)(diao)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量，再由(you)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵提升至(zhi)(zhi)初沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)，與(yu)二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)流(liu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)混合(he)，利用(yong)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)的吸附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和凝聚性(xing)(xing)(xing)去除廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)SS和有(you)(you)機物(wu)，沉(chen)淀污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)濃(nong)(nong)縮池(chi)(chi)，濃(nong)(nong)縮脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)外運；初沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入(ru)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)解(jie)池(chi)(chi)，控制池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)溶解(jie)氧(yang)(yang)濃(nong)(nong)度<0.2mg/L，在(zai)兼性(xing)(xing)(xing)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)作用(yong)下(xia)，廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)(you)機物(wu)發生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)解(jie)酸化(hua)(hua)反應，大分(fen)子有(you)(you)機物(wu)降(jiang)解(jie)成(cheng)小(xiao)分(fen)子有(you)(you)機物(wu)并去除部分(fen)COD、BOD，以提高廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。將(jiang)二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)剩余(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)回(hui)(hui)(hui)入(ru)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)解(jie)池(chi)(chi)，池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)設置(zhi)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)進(jin)行預(yu)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)和攪拌混合(he)，對(dui)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質進(jin)行調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。調(diao)(diao)節(jie)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)自流(liu)入(ru)深井曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行好氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)，曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)深度大，溶解(jie)氧(yang)(yang)濃(nong)(nong)度高，達40mg/L~60mg/L，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)能力極強(qiang)，可(ke)(ke)快速高效(xiao)地(di)將(jiang)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的有(you)(you)機物(wu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)分(fen)解(jie)成(cheng)CO2、H2O及其他無(wu)機物(wu)，化(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)害為(wei)(wei)無(wu)害，最(zui)后(hou)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)入(ru)脫(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)脫(tuo)(tuo)除粘附(fu)在(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)上(shang)(shang)的微(wei)氣(qi)(qi)泡后(hou)在(zai)二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行固液(ye)分(fen)離，二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達標排(pai)放或回(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)于生(sheng)(sheng)產和綠化(hua)(hua)灌溉。二(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)部分(fen)通過污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)回(hui)(hui)(hui)流(liu)泵回(hui)(hui)(hui)入(ru)深井，剩余(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)進(jin)入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)濃(nong)(nong)縮池(chi)(chi)，濃(nong)(nong)縮脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)外運(見圖1)。

3、深井曝氣設計參數

井徑(jing)：1m~6m　  實際井徑(jing)：4.2m

井(jing)深：50m~150m　  實(shi)際(ji)井(jing)深：40m

井內液體循環(huan)速度：1.2~1.5m/s

井內平均溶解(jie)氧(yang)：40~60mg/L

氧利用(yong)率：60%~90%

氧轉移效(xiao)率：1.9~3.0kg　O2/h·m3

動力效率：2.3~4.5kgBOD/kgMLSS·D

污泥(ni)濃(nong)度：5~15g/L

污(wu)泥(ni)負荷(he)：0.75~1.25kgBOD/kgMLSS·D

4、處理效果

新疆烏(wu)蘇啤酒有限責任公司在(zai)監測期間，污水處(chu)理(li)設施進、出口(kou)廢水水質平均濃度及處(chu)理(li)效果見表3。

由表3監測數據分析，新疆烏蘇啤(pi)酒有限責任公司正常生產狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下(xia)，所(suo)排(pai)廢水經過污(wu)(wu)水處理設施處理后，pH均(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)8.1；懸(xuan)浮(fu)物均(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)(wei)12mg/L、排(pai)放量為(wei)(wei)5.83t/a；CODCr均(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)(wei)37.4mg/L、排(pai)放量為(wei)(wei)18.2t/a；BOD5均(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)(wei)5.43mg/L、排(pai)放量為(wei)(wei)2.64t/a，主要(yao)污(wu)(wu)染物去除(chu)率均(jun)(jun)(jun)達到98%以上，出水濃(nong)(nong)度(du)均(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)達到《污(wu)(wu)水綜合排(pai)放標準》(GB8978-96)中二級標準，回用于生產和綠化(hua)灌(guan)溉。

表3　污水處(chu)理設(she)施處(chu)理效(xiao)果

5、經濟效益分析

從深井曝氣(qi)處理工藝實際運行情況(kuang)來(lai)看，直接運行費用(yong)主要是設備電(dian)耗(hao)費用(yong)和(he)人工費用(yong)，處理每(mei)立方廢(fei)水所需直接運行費用(yong)約在0.8元(yuan)，廢(fei)水處理成(cheng)本較低，能(neng)夠保證(zheng)污水達標排(pai)放。

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