工(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)水是指工(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)水、污水和廢(fei)(fei)液(ye),其中(zhong)(zhong)含有隨水流失的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)用(yong)料(liao)、中(zhong)(zhong)間產(chan)(chan)物和產(chan)(chan)品(pin)以(yi)及生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物。隨著工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速發展,廢(fei)(fei)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)和數量迅猛(meng)增加,對(dui)水體的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)也日趨廣(guang)泛和嚴(yan)重,威(wei)脅(xie)人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)健康和安(an)全(quan)。因此,對(dui)于保護環(huan)境來說,工(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理比城市(shi)污水的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理更(geng)為重要。

一、工(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)分類及處理(li)的基本原則

工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)類通(tong)常有(you)(you)以下三種:第一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)按工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)含(han)(han)主要污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)化學性(xing)(xing)(xing)質分(fen)類,含(han)(han)無(wu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為主的(de)(de)為無(wu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),含(han)(han)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為主的(de)(de)為有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。例如(ru)電鍍廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)加工(gong)(gong)過程的(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),是(shi)(shi)無(wu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);食品(pin)或石油加工(gong)(gong)過程的(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。第二種是(shi)(shi)按工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)產品(pin)和(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)對(dui)象分(fen)類,如(ru)冶(ye)金廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、造紙(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、煉(lian)焦(jiao)煤氣(qi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、金屬酸洗廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、化學肥料(liao)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、紡織印(yin)染(ran)(ran)(ran)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、染(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、制革廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、農藥廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、電站(zhan)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等。第三種是(shi)(shi)按廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)含(han)(han)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)主要成(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)類,如(ru)酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)氰廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)鉻(ge)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)鎘廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)汞廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)酚廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)醛廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)油廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)硫(liu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、含(han)(han)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)磷廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)放射性(xing)(xing)(xing)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等。前兩種分(fen)類法(fa)不涉及廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)含(han)(han)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)主要成(cheng)分(fen),也不能表(biao)明廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)危害(hai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。第三種分(fen)類法(fa),明確地指出廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)主要污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen),能表(biao)明廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)危害(hai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

處理的(de)基本原(yuan)則:

(一)優先選用無毒(du)生(sheng)產(chan)工藝代替或改(gai)革(ge)落后生(sheng)產(chan)工藝,盡可能(neng)在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中杜(du)絕(jue)或減少有毒(du)有害廢水的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)。

(二(er))在使(shi)用有(you)(you)毒(du)原料以及產(chan)生有(you)(you)毒(du)中間產(chan)物(wu)和產(chan)品過程中,應嚴格操作、監督,消除滴漏,減少流(liu)失,盡可能采用合(he)理流(liu)程和設備。

(三)含有(you)劇毒物質廢(fei)水,如含有(you)一(yi)些重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)、放射性(xing)物質、高(gao)濃度酚、氰廢(fei)水應與其它廢(fei)水分流,以便(bian)處理和回收有(you)用物質。

(四(si))流量較大而污(wu)染較輕的廢水(shui),應經適當處(chu)理循環使用(yong),不宜排入下水(shui)道,以(yi)免增加城市(shi)下水(shui)道和城市(shi)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理負荷。

(五)類似(si)城(cheng)市污(wu)水(shui)的有機廢(fei)水(shui),如食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)、制糖(tang)廢(fei)水(shui)、造紙廢(fei)水(shui),可排入城(cheng)市污(wu)水(shui)系統進行處(chu)理(li)。

(六(liu))一(yi)些可以生物(wu)降解的有毒廢水(shui)(shui),如酚(fen)、氰廢水(shui)(shui),應先(xian)經處(chu)理后,按允(yun)許排(pai)放(fang)標準排(pai)入(ru)城市(shi)下水(shui)(shui)道,再進(jin)一(yi)步生化處(chu)理。

(七)含有(you)難以生物(wu)降解(jie)的(de)有(you)毒廢水(shui),應單獨處理,不(bu)應排(pai)入(ru)城市(shi)下水(shui)道。工(gong)業廢水(shui)處理的(de)發展趨(qu)勢是把廢水(shui)和(he)污(wu)染物(wu)作(zuo)為有(you)用資(zi)源回收利用或實行閉路(lu)循(xun)環。

二、廢水處理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)按其作用分為四大類:物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)處理(li)(li)法(fa)、化學處理(li)(li)法(fa)、物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)化學法(fa)和生物(wu)(wu)處理(li)(li)法(fa)

三(san)、主要工業廢水(shui)特(te)點與處理方法

(一)農藥廢水的(de)特(te)點及其(qi)處理(li)方(fang)法

農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品種繁多,農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢(fei)水水質(zhi)復雜(za)。其主要特點是:(1)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)濃度較高,化學(xue)需氧(yang)(yang)量(COD)可達(da)每升數萬mg;(2)毒(du)性(xing)大,廢(fei)水中除含有(you)(you)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)中間(jian)體外,還(huan)含有(you)(you)酚、砷、汞(gong)等有(you)(you)毒(du)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)以及許多生物(wu)(wu)難以降解的(de)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi);(3)有(you)(you)惡臭,對人的(de)呼吸(xi)道和(he)粘膜有(you)(you)刺激(ji)性(xing);(4)水質(zhi)、水量不穩定。因此,農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢(fei)水對環(huan)境的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)非常嚴重。農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢(fei)水處理的(de)目的(de)是降低(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生產廢(fei)水中污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)濃度,提(ti)高回收(shou)利用(yong)(yong)率,力求達(da)到(dao)無害化。農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢(fei)水的(de)處理方法(fa)有(you)(you)活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附法(fa)、濕式氧(yang)(yang)化法(fa)、溶劑(ji)萃取法(fa)、蒸餾法(fa)和(he)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)等。但是,研(yan)制高效、低(di)(di)毒(du)、低(di)(di)殘(can)留的(de)新農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),這是農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)發展方向。一些國家已禁止生產六(liu)六(liu)六(liu)等有(you)(you)機氯、有(you)(you)機汞(gong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),積極研(yan)究和(he)使用(yong)(yong)微生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),這是一條從(cong)根本上防止農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢(fei)水污(wu)(wu)染(ran)環(huan)境的(de)新途徑。

(二)食(shi)品工業廢水(shui)污染特點及其處理(li)方法

食品工(gong)業(ye)原(yuan)料廣泛(fan),制(zhi)品種類(lei)繁多(duo),排(pai)出廢水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)量、水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)差異很大。廢水(shui)中主要(yao)污(wu)染物(wu)有(you)(1)漂浮(fu)在(zai)(zai)廢水(shui)中固體物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),如菜葉(xie)、果皮(pi)、碎肉、禽羽(yu)等;(2)懸浮(fu)在(zai)(zai)廢水(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)有(you)油脂、蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)、淀粉、膠體物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)等;(3)溶解在(zai)(zai)廢水(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)、堿、鹽(yan)、糖類(lei)等;(4)原(yuan)料夾帶的(de)(de)(de)泥砂(sha)及其他(ta)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)等;(5)致(zhi)病菌毒等。食品工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)特點是有(you)機(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)和懸浮(fu)物(wu)含(han)量高(gao),易腐(fu)敗,一(yi)般無大的(de)(de)(de)毒性。其危害主要(yao)是使(shi)水(shui)體富(fu)營(ying)養化,以致(zhi)引(yin)起水(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)和魚類(lei)死(si)亡,促使(shi)水(shui)底沉(chen)積的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)產生(sheng)臭(chou)味,惡(e)化水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi),污(wu)染環境。

 食品工業廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)除按水(shui)質特點(dian)進行(xing)適(shi)當預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)外(wai),一般均宜采用生(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。如對出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質要求(qiu)很高或(huo)因(yin)廢(fei)水(shui)中有機物(wu)含(han)量(liang)很高,可采用兩級(ji)曝氣池(chi)或(huo)兩級(ji)生(sheng)物(wu)濾池(chi),或(huo)多級(ji)生(sheng)物(wu)轉盤或(huo)聯(lian)合使用兩種生(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置,也可采用厭氧(yang)(yang)—需氧(yang)(yang)串聯(lian)的生(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統。

(三)造紙工業(ye)廢水處理

造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主要來自造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)的(de)制漿(jiang)(jiang)和(he)(he)(he)抄(chao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩個生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程。制漿(jiang)(jiang)是(shi)把(ba)植物(wu)(wu)原料中(zhong)的(de)纖(xian)(xian)維分(fen)離(li)出(chu)來,制成(cheng)漿(jiang)(jiang)料,再經漂白;抄(chao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)把(ba)漿(jiang)(jiang)料稀釋、成(cheng)型(xing)、壓榨、烘干,制成(cheng)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)張。這兩項工(gong)(gong)藝都排(pai)(pai)出(chu)大(da)量(liang)(liang)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。制漿(jiang)(jiang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),污染最為嚴重。洗(xi)漿(jiang)(jiang)時排(pai)(pai)出(chu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)呈黑(hei)褐色(se),稱(cheng)為黑(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),黑(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)污染物(wu)(wu)濃度很高,BOD高達(da)5—40g/L,含有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)纖(xian)(xian)維、無機鹽和(he)(he)(he)色(se)素。漂白工(gong)(gong)序排(pai)(pai)出(chu)的(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也含有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)酸(suan)(suan)堿物(wu)(wu)質。抄(chao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機排(pai)(pai)出(chu)的(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),稱(cheng)為白水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),其(qi)中(zhong)含有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)纖(xian)(xian)維和(he)(he)(he)在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)添加的(de)填(tian)料和(he)(he)(he)膠(jiao)料。造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)應(ying)著重于提高循環用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率,減(jian)少用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)(he)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)(liang),同(tong)時也應(ying)積極探索各種可(ke)(ke)靠、經濟(ji)和(he)(he)(he)能夠充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)用(yong)(yong)資源的(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)方(fang)法(fa)。例如(ru)浮(fu)選(xuan)法(fa)可(ke)(ke)回收白水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)纖(xian)(xian)維性固體物(wu)(wu)質,回收率可(ke)(ke)達(da)95,澄(cheng)清水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)回用(yong)(yong);燃燒法(fa)可(ke)(ke)回收黑(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)氫氧化(hua)納、硫化(hua)鈉、硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉以及同(tong)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)結合的(de)其(qi)他(ta)鈉鹽。中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)法(fa)調(diao)節廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)pH值;混凝沉(chen)淀或浮(fu)選(xuan)法(fa)可(ke)(ke)去除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)懸浮(fu)固體;化(hua)學(xue)沉(chen)淀法(fa)可(ke)(ke)脫(tuo)色(se);生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)法(fa)可(ke)(ke)去除BOD,對(dui)牛皮(pi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)較有(you)效;濕式氧化(hua)法(fa)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)亞硫酸(suan)(suan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漿(jiang)(jiang)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)較為成(cheng)功。此外(wai),國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)也有(you)采用(yong)(yong)反滲透、超過(guo)濾(lv)、電滲析(xi)等(deng)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)方(fang)法(fa)。

(四)印(yin)染工業廢水處理

印染(ran)工業用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)大,通常每印染(ran)加工1t紡織品耗(hao)水(shui)(shui)100-200t,其中(zhong)80%-90%以(yi)印染(ran)廢水(shui)(shui)排出。常用(yong)(yong)的治理(li)(li)方法有回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)和無(wu)害化處理(li)(li)。回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong):(1)廢水(shui)(shui)可按水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)特點(dian)分(fen)別回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong),如(ru)漂(piao)白煮煉(lian)廢水(shui)(shui)和染(ran)色印花(hua)廢水(shui)(shui)的分(fen)流,前者可以(yi)對(dui)流洗滌(di)。一水(shui)(shui)多(duo)用(yong)(yong),減少排放量(liang);(2)堿液回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong),通常采用(yong)(yong)蒸發法回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),如(ru)堿液量(liang)大,可用(yong)(yong)三效蒸發回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),堿液量(liang)小(xiao),可用(yong)(yong)薄膜蒸發回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou);(3)染(ran)料(liao)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),如(ru)士林(lin)染(ran)料(liao)可酸(suan)(suan)化成為(wei)隱巴酸(suan)(suan),呈膠(jiao)體(ti)微粒(li),懸浮于(yu)殘液中(zhong),經沉淀(dian)過濾后回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)。

無害化(hua)處理可(ke)分(fen):(1)物(wu)(wu)理處理法(fa)(fa)有(you)沉淀(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)和(he)吸附(fu)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。沉淀(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)去除(chu)(chu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)懸浮物(wu)(wu);吸附(fu)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)是去除(chu)(chu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶解的(de)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)和(he)脫色(se)。(2)化(hua)學(xue)處理法(fa)(fa)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)法(fa)(fa)、混凝法(fa)(fa)和(he)氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)法(fa)(fa)在于調節廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)酸堿度,還可(ke)降低廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)色(se)度;混凝法(fa)(fa)在于去除(chu)(chu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)散染料和(he)膠體物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi);氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)在于氧化(hua)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)還原性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)硫化(hua)染料和(he)還原染料沉淀(dian)(dian)下來。(3)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處理法(fa)(fa)有(you)活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)轉盤(pan)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)轉筒和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。為了提高出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi),達到排放標(biao)準或回收(shou)要(yao)求往(wang)往(wang)需要(yao)采用幾(ji)種方法(fa)(fa)聯合(he)處理。

(五)冶金廢水治(zhi)理及發展趨勢

冶金(jin)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量大(da)、種類(lei)多(duo)(duo)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質復雜多(duo)(duo)變。按廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)來源和特(te)點(dian)(dian)分類(lei),主(zhu)要(yao)有冷卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)、酸洗(xi)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、洗(xi)滌廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(除塵、煤(mei)氣(qi)或(huo)煙(yan)氣(qi))、沖渣廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、煉焦(jiao)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)以及由生產中凝結、分離(li)或(huo)溢出的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)等。冶金(jin)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)趨(qu)勢:(1)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和采用(yong)(yong)不用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)少用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)及無污(wu)染或(huo)少污(wu)染的(de)新(xin)工藝、新(xin)技(ji)術,如用(yong)(yong)干法(fa)熄焦(jiao),煉焦(jiao)煤(mei)預(yu)熱,直接從(cong)焦(jiao)爐(lu)煤(mei)氣(qi)脫硫脫氰等;(2)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)綜(zong)合利用(yong)(yong)技(ji)術,如從(cong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廢(fei)氣(qi)中回(hui)收有用(yong)(yong)物(wu)質和熱能,減(jian)少物(wu)料(liao)燃料(liao)流(liu)失,(3)根據不同(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求,綜(zong)合平衡,串流(liu)使用(yong)(yong),同(tong)時改進水(shui)(shui)(shui)質穩定措(cuo)施,不斷提高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)循環利用(yong)(yong)率;(4)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)適合冶金(jin)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)特(te)點(dian)(dian)的(de)新(xin)的(de)處理工藝和技(ji)術,如用(yong)(yong)磁法(fa)處理鋼鐵廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)具有效率高(gao),占地少,操(cao)作管(guan)理方便等優點(dian)(dian)。

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