1 過濾在污水(shui)再生回用中的(de)重要性及其分類

隨著我國經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)程度和范圍(wei)擴大(da)，將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進行深度處(chu)(chu)理(li)，以達到回用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)減排的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要措施和手段。在常規水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工藝(yi)(yi)流(liu)程中，水(shui)(shui)(shui)經過(guo)(guo)(guo)二級處(chu)(chu)理(li)后，水(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)懸(xuan)浮物、膠(jiao)體(ti)被去除，外觀(guan)上變得透(tou)明，但仍(reng)殘留(liu)有少量細(xi)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)懸(xuan)浮顆粒(li)、膠(jiao)體(ti)等。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)回用(yong)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)工藝(yi)(yi)有以下三種[1]：(1)混合(he)+沉淀+過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)；(2)氣浮+過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)；(3)直接過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)。在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再生(sheng)回用(yong)處(chu)(chu)理(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中常采用(yong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)工藝(yi)(yi)，它(ta)是(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)回用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要處(chu)(chu)理(li)單元之一。

過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)固液分離(li)方式，在(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)再生回用(yong)(yong)(yong)處理領域應用(yong)(yong)(yong)非(fei)常(chang)廣泛(fan)。目前，按(an)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)可分為以下五種(zhong)形式：(1)傳(chuan)統自然材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：如石英砂、無(wu)煙煤(mei)、果(guo)殼類等(deng)。石英砂是(shi)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)較為廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。(2)人(ren)工合(he)成材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：目前采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)人(ren)工合(he)成濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)有聚苯(ben)乙烯(xi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)珠(zhu)、聚氯乙烯(xi)珠(zhu)、聚丙烯(xi)珠(zhu)等(deng)。(3)纖維過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)：纖維過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新型的(de)(de)軟(ruan)填(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)—纖維束或纖維球作(zuo)(zuo)為過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)單元。它們的(de)(de)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)效率(lv)和截污(wu)(wu)容量(liang)均優于(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)以濁度為主(zhu)的(de)(de)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)工藝中(zhong)。(4)膜(mo)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)：污(wu)(wu)水(shui)再生回用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)膜(mo)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)主(zhu)要有：微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、超濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、納濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、反滲透等(deng)，每一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)膜(mo)技(ji)術都有特定(ding)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能和適用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍。(5)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：改(gai)性(xing)(xing)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)通(tong)過化(hua)學反應在(zai)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)表(biao)面涂上改(gai)性(xing)(xing)劑，從(cong)而改(gai)變原濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)表(biao)面的(de)(de)物(wu)理化(hua)學性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)，以提高濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)截留(liu)吸(xi)附能力，改(gai)善出水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)[2]。

2 過濾技術在(zai)污水再生回用中的應用

由城市廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)凈化后的(de)再生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可以有多種用(yong)(yong)途(tu)，概括(kuo)歸納(na)為：工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、農業灌溉(gai)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、生(sheng)活雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、地下回注用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、景(jing)觀(guan)河道用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。農業灌溉(gai)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求較低，一般直接采(cai)用(yong)(yong)二級處(chu)理(li)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)，而地下回注水(shui)(shui)(shui)因種種潛在(zai)風險在(zai)我(wo)國應(ying)用(yong)(yong)還不(bu)多[3]，因此上我(wo)們主要(yao)從工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、生(sheng)活雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和景(jing)觀(guan)方(fang)面介(jie)紹過濾技術在(zai)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)回用(yong)(yong)中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

2.1 再(zai)生水回(hui)用于(yu)工業(ye)用水

工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)在城市用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)中所占的比例很大，其中的冷卻水(shui)(shui)、洗滌沖洗水(shui)(shui)以(yi)及(ji)某(mou)些生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝的低質(zhi)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)都可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)代替。再生水(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)，尤其是生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)時，對回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要(yao)求較高(gao)，因此(ci)常采用(yong)(yong)膜過(guo)(guo)濾技術，并以(yi)纖維(wei)等其它過(guo)(guo)濾方(fang)式(shi)作為膜系統的預處理工(gong)(gong)藝。

圖 1 污水深(shen)度處(chu)理(li)工藝流程

Fig.1 Flow chart of wastewater advanced treatment

大(da)連北海熱電(dian)廠(chang)建設了污(wu)水(shui)深度(du)(du)(du)處(chu)(chu)理出水(shui)回用于循(xun)環冷(leng)卻水(shui)和鍋(guo)爐補水(shui)工程[4](工藝(yi)(yi)流程見圖1)。原水(shui)水(shui)質：pH 7.0～8.5，濁度(du)(du)(du)8～12 NTU，電(dian)導率(lv)1200～1450 μS/cm，COD 60～80 mg/L，BOD5 20～30 mg/L，氨氮15～30 mg/L；深度(du)(du)(du)處(chu)(chu)理率(lv)<240 μS·cm-1，氨氮<1 mg/L。工藝(yi)(yi)二級過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)裝(zhuang)置中纖維束過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速28～36 m/h，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)截(jie)污(wu)量：5～10 kg/m3，反(fan)洗(xi)周期(qi)24 h；石(shi)英(ying)砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)層(ceng)深為0.8 m，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)粒徑(jing)：0.3～0.5 mm，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速5 m/h，反(fan)洗(xi)周期(qi)72 h，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)截(jie)污(wu)量：2～4 kg/m3；二級過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)對COD、BOD5、NH4+-N 和濁度(du)(du)(du)的(de)去除(chu)率(lv)分別達到了76 %、87 %、98 %和98 %，砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)出水(shui)濁度(du)(du)(du)和SDI 滿足RO 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)進水(shui)限制(zhi)濁度(du)(du)(du)和SDI 的(de)要求(qiu)。RO 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)出水(shui)電(dian)導率(lv)遠遠小(xiao)于熱電(dian)限值，出水(shui)氨氮也能滿足熱電(dian)限制(zhi)要求(qiu)，脫鹽率(lv)>97 %。通(tong)常RO 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行6 個月則需清(qing)洗(xi)一(yi)次，而本系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行10 個月還(huan)未到達需清(qing)洗(xi)的(de)程度(du)(du)(du)，預處(chu)(chu)理工藝(yi)(yi)運(yun)行可靠(kao)穩定。

某(mou)鋼鐵(tie)公司處理(li)鋼鐵(tie)廠(chang)廢水(shui)(shui)并(bing)回(hui)用(yong)作工(gong)業新(xin)鮮補(bu)充水(shui)(shui)[5](工(gong)藝流程見圖2)。設計進水(shui)(shui)：pH 6.5～9.5，SS≤280 mg/L，電導率≤1560 &mu;S/cm，硬度≤379 mg/L；回(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)：pH 7～9，SS≤10 mg/L，電導率≤450 μS/cm，硬度≤200 mg/L。此工(gong)藝采用(yong)V 型濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池+膜(mo)系統(tong)兩種過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)技(ji)術，其中(zhong)V 型濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池設計濾(lv)(lv)(lv)速為10～12 m/h，設濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池反(fan)洗水(shui)(shui)泵2 臺。膜(mo)系統(tong)包(bao)括超濾(lv)(lv)(lv)和反(fan)滲透兩大(da)部(bu)分，反(fan)滲透的(de)前處理(li)采用(yong)超濾(lv)(lv)(lv)，主要去除廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)大(da)部(bu)分微(wei)粒及有機物等(deng)，可(ke)使進水(shui)(shui)SDI 達(da)到RO 進水(shui)(shui)要求(qiu)。RO 主要用(yong)于(yu)脫(tuo)除廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)可(ke)溶性(xing)鹽、膠體、有機物及微(wei)生物，使出(chu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達(da)到用(yong)戶要求(qiu)。

Fig.2 Flow chart of wastewater treatment process

2.2 再生水(shui)回用于景觀環境及雜用水(shui)

隨著人(ren)們對(dui)美好生活環(huan)境的不斷追求和節約用(yong)(yong)水這一可持續(xu)發展戰略重要措施的深(shen)入人(ren)心，景觀灌溉或(huo)雜用(yong)(yong)成為再生水利用(yong)(yong)的重要方面。

秦皇島(dao)東港城市污水(shui)(shui)(shui)再生回用水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)將污水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)二級處理出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)行再生(工藝流程(cheng)見圖3)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)用于海港煤碼頭噴灑降塵[6]。設計(ji)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質指(zhi)標：懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)固(gu)體為20 mg/L，氨(an)氮45 mg/L，COD100 mg/L，BOD 20 mg/L；其出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)固(gu)體<5 mg/L，氨(an)氮<10 mg/L，COD<35 mg/L ，BOD<10 mg/L，濁度<5。其中纖維球(qiu)過濾(lv)器濾(lv)速為20 m/h，對去(qu)除(chu)懸(xuan)(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)固(gu)體有機物(wu)的作用明顯(xian)(xian)，對陶粒濾(lv)池出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)COD 去(qu)除(chu)率為11.99 %，對陶粒濾(lv)池出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)濁度的平均去(qu)除(chu)率為21.17 %，對氨(an)氮的去(qu)除(chu)效果不明顯(xian)(xian)。運行實(shi)踐(jian)表(biao)明，該工藝出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質達到(dao)了業主所定回用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質標準，而(er)且運行成本(ben)低，節水(shui)(shui)(shui)經濟效益顯(xian)(xian)著。

圖 3 工(gong)藝流程

Fig.3 Scheme of flow sheet

濟南南郊賓館生活污水經再生處理后主(zhu)要作為(wei)南郊賓館的人工湖景觀用水、賓館沖廁及綠化用水[7](工藝流(liu)程(cheng)見圖4)。處理水量為(wei)4000 m3/d，進水主(zhu)要水質指標：COD 為(wei) 130～250mg/L，氨氮(dan)為(wei)15～40 mg/L，總(zong)氮(dan)為(wei)30～50 mg/L，pH 為(wei)7.6～8.3，總(zong)磷(lin)為(wei) 3.5～5.2 mg/L，SS 為(wei)50～200 mg/L。處理出(chu)水水質要求達到《生活雜用水水質標準》(CJ/T 48—1999)。纖維(wei)過濾出(chu)水：COD＜25 mg/L，SS＜3 mg/L，總(zong)磷(lin)＜1.0 mg/L。通(tong)過纖維(wei)過濾器去除反應形成的磷(lin)酸鹽(yan)沉淀物。纖維(wei)過濾器具有較小的孔(kong)隙率，過濾精度高，對不(bu)溶性的磷(lin)酸鹽(yan)有較強的去除能力。

3 過(guo)濾(lv)技(ji)術應用分(fen)析

過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)技術(shu)最早應(ying)用于(yu)給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)中，因(yin)(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)對懸浮物去(qu)除(chu)(chu)效(xiao)果較好，后(hou)(hou)來(lai)又被逐(zhu)漸(jian)應(ying)用于(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)(sheng)回(hui)用處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)中，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)再生(sheng)(sheng)回(hui)用進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一般為(wei)(wei)二級(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)情況較好，因(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)可用過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)方(fang)式(shi)進行處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。研究結果表明，過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)對去(qu)除(chu)(chu)SS 十分(fen)有效(xiao)，還可去(qu)除(chu)(chu)部分(fen)COD 和BOD，但(dan)(dan)直接過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)對于(yu)溶解性物質(zhi)、色度、總磷去(qu)除(chu)(chu)不高，并且很難使(shi)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濁度達(da)到回(hui)用值，而(er)在(zai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)前設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)化處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)與生(sheng)(sheng)化功能兼備的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用，使(shi)得出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)穩(wen)定，過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)前大量去(qu)除(chu)(chu)SS 提高了過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)周期。此外(wai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)主要(yao)(yao)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是物理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物，對化學性污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物的(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)率較低，所以在(zai)回(hui)用處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)前加生(sheng)(sheng)化處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)也可去(qu)除(chu)(chu)大部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物質(zhi)。同時對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)比較嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大多采用膜(mo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，膜(mo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)前常常設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或纖維過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)以保證膜(mo)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全穩(wen)定運行，而(er)且為(wei)(wei)滿足(zu)RO 系(xi)統要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)一般會在(zai)前設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)超濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速大約為(wei)(wei)5～10 m/h，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料截污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)量2～4 kg/m3，纖維過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)速和截污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)量均(jun)為(wei)(wei)砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2～3 倍(bei)，但(dan)(dan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)反沖(chong)洗周期要(yao)(yao)小于(yu)砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，一般為(wei)(wei)砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3。因(yin)(yin)(yin)城市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)較工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)穩(wen)定可靠(kao)，所以可將(jiang)城市(shi)二級(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)大規模再生(sheng)(sheng)回(hui)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。而(er)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)來(lai)說，其(qi)(qi)(qi)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經再生(sheng)(sheng)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)(hou)常用于(yu)循(xun)環冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、生(sheng)(sheng)產系(xi)統補水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或者(zhe)廠區綠(lv)化噴(pen)灑(sa)等(deng)雜用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用途(tu)徑選擇(ze)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)技術(shu)。對綠(lv)化或噴(pen)灑(sa)等(deng)雜用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)采用砂(sha)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或是處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)果更佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)纖維過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)往(wang)往(wang)就能達(da)到回(hui)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。所以說正確選擇(ze)過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)方(fang)式(shi)，才(cai)能發揮最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行效(xiao)率，達(da)到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)凈化的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。

圖4 工藝流程(cheng)

Fig.4 Flow chart of treatment process

4 結語

隨著我國水(shui)資源的日(ri)趨緊張，政府(fu)對各(ge)行業(ye)的水(shui)質處(chu)理(li)與排放(fang)指標(biao)的要求日(ri)趨嚴(yan)格，對污水(shui)進(jin)行再生回用(yong)已成為(wei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)發展的一種趨勢(shi)。再生回用(yong)工藝中各(ge)種過(guo)濾形(xing)式(shi)有各(ge)自(zi)特點(dian)，根(gen)據不同(tong)出水(shui)用(yong)途選擇合適的過(guo)濾形(xing)式(shi)，既降低(di)了工程造價，又解決了污水(shui)排放(fang)問題。

現(xian)在，世界各國已(yi)經將(jiang)過濾技(ji)術的研究、開發和應用(yong)(yong)作為一個重要的課題，我國近年來無論是(shi)在應用(yong)(yong)基礎研究還是(shi)在新(xin)型材料的制備(bei)方面已(yi)經做了不少的工作，但是(shi)為了滿足節能、充分利用(yong)(yong)資源、環境保護(hu)的要求，人們(men)正期(qi)待著過濾技(ji)術在今后會有(you)新(xin)的發展(zhan)。

參考文獻

[1]王彩霞．城(cheng)市污水處理(li)新技術[M]．北京：中(zhong)國建筑(zhu)工業出版社，1990：213-245．

[2]呂建波，孫力平，趙新華，等．改(gai)性(xing)石英砂過濾技術用于污(wu)水(shui)再生回用的研(yan)究[J]．中國(guo)給水(shui)排水(shui)，2008，24(9)：17-25．

[3]云桂春，皮運正，胡俊(jun)．淺(qian)談再(zai)生污水地(di)下回灌的健康危害(hai)風險[J]．給(gei)水排水，2004，30(4)：7-10．

[4]王德河，曲本亮，張興文，等(deng)．生物氧化塔(ta)/過濾/RO 工藝處二級出水并回用[J]．中國給(gei)水排(pai)水，2008，24(12)：79-82．

[5]王松．混凝/過濾/膜系(xi)統處理鋼(gang)鐵廠廢水(shui)并回用[J]．中國給水(shui)排(pai)水(shui)，2007，23(24)：75-77．

[6]張鴻濤，吳春(chun)旭，田文軍，等．秦皇島東港城市污水再生回用水廠(chang)的設計(ji)與運行[J]．中國(guo)給水排水，2004，30(6)：9-13．

[7]劉(liu)建廣，張春陽，張廣蘭，等．UBAF/化(hua)學除磷處理賓館污水并回用[J]．中(zhong)國給(gei)水排水，2004，20(7)：80-82．

(本文文獻格式(shi)：苗娜(na)，朱鐵群，李小偉，等．過濾技術在污水再生回用(yong)中的應用(yong)[J]．廣東化工，2011，38(2)：122-124)

[作(zuo)者簡介] 苗娜(1982-)，女(nv)，陜西咸陽人(ren)，在讀碩士研究生，主(zhu)要研究方向為水處理微生物技術(shu)。

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