土(tu)壤(rang)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)是指由于人(ren)類活動致使土(tu)壤(rang)中較(jiao)高含量(liang)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)對(dui)生(sheng)物產(chan)生(sheng)毒(du)害(hai)作用，并造成(cheng)生(sheng)態環境(jing)質量(liang)惡化的(de)現象。常見(jian)的(de)對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)造成(cheng)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)包(bao)括鋅、銅、鉻(ge)、鎳、鉛、鎘、汞等(deng)元(yuan)素，它們不(bu)僅導致土(tu)壤(rang)退化、農作物產(chan)量(liang)和(he)品質下(xia)降，還會通(tong)過(guo)徑流和(he)淋洗作用污(wu)(wu)染(ran)地表水和(he)地下(xia)水，并通(tong)過(guo)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)、食物鏈(lian)等(deng)途徑危及人(ren)類的(de)生(sheng)命和(he)健康。重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)作為一類危害(hai)很大的(de)環境(jing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物，它所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)過(guo)程具有(you)隱蔽性(xing)(xing)、不(bu)可逆性(xing)(xing)、長期性(xing)(xing)和(he)后果嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)特點。因此，土(tu)壤(rang)系統中重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)治理目前是國際性(xing)(xing)的(de)難題和(he)研究熱點。

土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)重金(jin)屬污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)傳統(tong)的治理(li)方法(fa)(fa)通常采用物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)、化(hua)學的方法(fa)(fa)，如客土(tu)(tu)(tu)換(huan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)法(fa)(fa)、淋濾法(fa)(fa)、吸附固定法(fa)(fa)、熱處理(li)法(fa)(fa)、絡合浸(jin)提法(fa)(fa)、氧化(hua)還原法(fa)(fa)、電化(hua)學法(fa)(fa)等。雖然這些方法(fa)(fa)治理(li)效果較好，歷時較短，但(dan)往(wang)往(wang)投資大，難以管理(li)，易造成(cheng)二次污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)擾動(dong)大等。近年來，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)重金(jin)屬污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技術正在(zai)興起。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)是指利用特定的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)吸收、轉化(hua)、清(qing)除或降解環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，實現環(huan)(huan)境(jing)凈(jing)化(hua)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)效應(ying)恢復(fu)(fu)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)措施。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技術與其他(ta)治理(li)重金(jin)屬污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的技術相(xiang)比，具有成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)、操作簡單易行、無二次污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)、處理(li)效果好且能大面積推廣應(ying)用等優點(dian)，具有良好的社(she)會、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)綜合效益，具有廣闊的應(ying)用前景。本(ben)文綜述了(le)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)、微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)、動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)等生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技術在(zai)重金(jin)屬污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)方面的研究進展(zhan)，以期推動(dong)國(guo)內(nei)在(zai)這一(yi)國(guo)際熱點(dian)領域(yu)的研究。

1 植物修復技術

植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復是(shi)20世紀(ji)8O年代初(chu)期(qi)發展起(qi)來的(de)(de)環境污染(ran)治(zhi)理(li)技術。1983年美國科學家Chaney首(shou)次(ci)提出了利(li)(li)用能夠富集重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)來清除土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)污染(ran)的(de)(de)設(she)想，即植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復技術。它是(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)(li)用自(zi)然(ran)界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)超積累植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或(huo)(huo)者遺傳工程(cheng)培育植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)系統(tong)及其根(gen)際(ji)微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)群落來移去、揮發或(huo)(huo)穩定(ding)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，或(huo)(huo)降低重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)的(de)(de)毒性，以(yi)期(qi)達到清除污染(ran)、修復或(huo)(huo)治(zhi)理(li)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)為(wei)目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)新興(xing)綠(lv)色生物(wu)(wu)(wu)技術。根(gen)據植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復的(de)(de)機理(li)和作用過程(cheng)，重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)污染(ran)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復技術主要(yao)包括植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提取(qu)、植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)揮發和植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)穩定(ding)3種(zhong)基本類型(xing)。

1.1 植(zhi)物提取

植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)提取是利用(yong)(yong)耐受并能(neng)積累(lei)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)吸(xi)收(shou)土(tu)壤(rang)環gesep境中的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，將它們輸(shu)(shu)送并貯(zhu)存在(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)地上部分，通(tong)過(guo)種植(zhi)(zhi)和收(shou)割植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)而去除土(tu)壤(rang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。這(zhe)些(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)兩大(da)類：超積累(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)和誘(you)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)積累(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。前(qian)者是指一(yi)(yi)些(xie)具有(you)(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)并運輸(shu)(shu)到地上部積累(lei)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)；后者則是指一(yi)(yi)些(xie)不(bu)具有(you)(you)超積累(lei)特性但通(tong)過(guo)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)過(guo)程可(ke)以誘(you)導出超量(liang)積累(lei)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。超積累(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)由于具有(you)(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)和積累(lei)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)，從而在(zai)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)方(fang)面表現出極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛力(li)，其(qi)對某種重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)累(lei)積量(liang)是普通(tong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)10-500倍以上。植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)提取修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術是目前(qian)應用(yong)(yong)最多、最有(you)(you)發展(zhan)前(qian)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污染(ran)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)技(ji)術。

1.2 植物揮發

植物(wu)(wu)(wu)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)根系分泌(mi)的(de)一些特殊(shu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質使土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為可揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)態(tai)(tai)，或(huo)者植物(wu)(wu)(wu)將土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)吸收到體內后將其(qi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為氣(qi)態(tai)(tai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質釋(shi)放(fang)到大(da)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，從而(er)凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)。植物(wu)(wu)(wu)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)要求被(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)后的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質毒(du)gesep全球(qiu)節能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保網性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)要小于轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)前的(de)污染物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，以(yi)減輕對環(huan)境(jing)危害。目前在(zai)(zai)這方面(mian)研究較多(duo)的(de)是(shi)(shi)Hg和(he)Se。Se的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)(wu)(wu)形態(tai)(tai)對人(ren)的(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)最強，元素Se毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)最小。Se以(yi)硒酸鹽(yan)、亞硒酸鹽(yan)和(he)有(you)(you)機(ji)態(tai)(tai)硒的(de)形態(tai)(tai)為植物(wu)(wu)(wu)所吸收。某(mou)些濕地植物(wu)(wu)(wu)可清除土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)Se，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單質占(zhan)75％，揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)態(tai)(tai)占(zhan)20％-25％，可通(tong)過植物(wu)(wu)(wu)體內三磷酸腺苷(ATP)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)酶的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)還原成低(di)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)CH3SeCH3和(he)CH3SeSeCH3。高毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)Se(Ⅲ)可被(bei)楊(yang)麻根系分泌(mi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成低(di)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)氣(qi)態(tai)(tai)甲基硒而(er)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)。Hg是(shi)(shi)一種對環(huan)境(jing)危害很大(da)的(de)易揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)，在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)多(duo)種形態(tai)(tai)存在(zai)(zai)，如無(wu)機(ji)汞、有(you)(you)機(ji)汞。高毒(du)汞可經植物(wu)(wu)(wu)氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)后變(bian)成低(di)毒(du)汞，如擬南芥菜能(neng)(neng)將Hg變(bian)成低(di)毒(du)的(de)單質汞揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)掉。植物(wu)(wu)(wu)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)修復(fu)技術應(ying)(ying)用(yong)于修復(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污染土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)，能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)去除土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)，但只限于揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)修復(fu)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)范圍較小，而(er)且是(shi)(shi)將Hg、Se等揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)到大(da)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)環(huan)境(jing)風險有(you)(you)待(dai)于進一步研究，因此，在(zai)(zai)采用(yong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)修復(fu)技術時應(ying)(ying)持謹慎態(tai)(tai)度。

1.3 植物(wu)穩定(ding)

植物穩定是指植物通過某種生化過程使污染基質中重金屬的流動性降低，生物可利用性下降，從而減輕重金屬的毒性。植物穩定修復的作用：一是通過根部累積、沉淀、轉化重金屬，或通過根表面吸附作用固定重金屬；二是保護污染土壤不受風蝕、水蝕，減少重金屬滲漏污染地下水和向四周遷移污染周圍環境。如植物可通過分泌磷酸鹽與鉛結合成難溶的磷酸鉛，使鉛固化而降低鉛的毒性；植物能使毒性較高的Cr6+轉變為基本沒有毒性的Cr3+。這類植物一般具有兩個特征：一是能在高含量重金屬污染土壤上生長；二是根系發達及分泌物能夠吸附、沉淀或還原重金屬。值得注意的是植物穩定修復并沒有從土壤中將重金屬去除，只是暫時將其固定，當土壤環境發生變化時重金屬仍可能重新活化并恢復毒性，因而，沒有徹底解決重金屬污染問題。重金屬污染土壤的植物穩定修復是一項正在發展中的技術，若與原位化學鈍化技術相結合可能會顯示出更大的應用潛力。未來的研究方向可能是耐性植物、特異根分泌植物的篩選，以及穩定修復植物與原位鈍化聯合修復技術的研究。
　　
2 微生(sheng)物修復技(ji)術

微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在被(bei)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)去(qu)毒(du)方面具(ju)有(you)(you)獨特(te)作(zuo)用(yong)已被(bei)用(yong)于(yu)進(jin)行土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)改造或土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)改良，高效微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解活性(xing)就地凈化污(wu)(wu)染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)。可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)重金(jin)屬(shu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主要(yao)是土(tu)著的(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)菌(酵母(mu))和細(xi)菌。不同類型微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對重金(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)性(xing)也不同，通常為真(zhen)(zhen)菌>細(xi)菌>放線(xian)菌。微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復易受(shou)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)因(yin)素的(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)，溫度(du)、氧氣、水分、pH等(deng)均可(ke)影響(xiang)(xiang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活性(xing)從(cong)而(er)影響(xiang)(xiang)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復效果。每種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)菌株對影響(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長和代謝的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)因(yin)子都有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)受(shou)范(fan)圍。如(ru)(ru)果某一(yi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中有(you)(you)幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)參與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，就比在同一(yi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中只有(you)(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)受(shou)范(fan)圍要(yao)寬。但如(ru)(ru)果環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)條件超(chao)出了(le)所(suo)有(you)(you)定(ding)居微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)受(shou)范(fan)圍，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復作(zuo)用(yong)就會停(ting)止。微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復在具(ju)體實(shi)踐(jian)中也有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)局(ju)限性(xing)：如(ru)(ru)某些(xie)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)只能降解特(te)定(ding)類型污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)；有(you)(you)些(xie)情(qing)況下不能將污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)全(quan)部去(qu)除，微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)／酶制劑可(ke)能帶來次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)問(wen)題，并對自然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)過程產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)定(ding)影響(xiang)(xiang)；加人(ren)到修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復現場環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)能由于(yu)競爭(zheng)或難以適應環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)而(er)導致作(zuo)用(yong)結果與實(shi)驗結果有(you)(you)較大出入。另外(wai)，該方法相關文獻報道較少(shao)，也缺乏進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)試驗研究，且微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)能力(li)有(you)(you)限，它只能修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復小范(fan)圍的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)。

3 動物修復技術

動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復(fu)是利用土壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些低(di)(di)等動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(如(ru)(ru)蚯蚓)能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)收土壤(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)這一(yi)特性，通(tong)過習居的(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或投放高富集動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)土壤(rang)重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)吸(xi)收、降(jiang)解、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移，以去除重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)或抑(yi)制其毒(du)(du)性。動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)基礎(chu)包括：①生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)體內(nei)普(pu)遍存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)種金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)硫蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)，能(neng)(neng)與重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)結合(he)(he)(he)形成低(di)(di)毒(du)(du)或無毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絡合(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)；②生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)體代(dai)謝產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)些富含一(yi)SH的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)肽(tai)(如(ru)(ru)Pc)。能(neng)(neng)與重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)螯(ao)合(he)(he)(he)，從而改變其存(cun)在(zai)狀態；③生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)體內(nei)存(cun)在(zai)多(duo)種編碼(ma)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基因(如(ru)(ru)最早(zao)克(ke)隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)Zn轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)基因和Fe轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)基因)，這些基因編碼(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)能(neng)(neng)提高生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗性。

動物(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)在國外有(you)(you)較長的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)史，國內研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)則處于摸(mo)索階段。它(ta)包(bao)括將生長在污(wu)染(ran)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)上的(de)(de)植物(wu)體、果實等(deng)(deng)飼喂動物(wu)，通(tong)過研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)動物(wu)的(de)(de)生化變異來研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)狀況，或(huo)者直接將土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)動物(wu)，如(ru)虹蝴、線蟲飼養在污(wu)染(ran)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中進行有(you)(you)關研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。Wang等(deng)(deng)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，在較低(di)Cu濃度(du)污(wu)染(ran)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)條件下，蛆(qu)蛆(qu)的(de)(de)活(huo)動、分泌物(wu)及其(qi)相互(hu)間的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)可以提高黑麥(mai)草對(dui)(dui)重金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)Cu的(de)(de)吸收效(xiao)果。Czamowaka等(deng)(deng)對(dui)(dui)華(hua)沙交通(tong)要道附(fu)近(jin)3個草坪采集土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)和(he)蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)進行測定(ding)，可知蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)對(dui)(dui)Zn和(he)Cd有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)富(fu)集作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。陳志偉等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)威廉(lian)環毛蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)進行試驗，發現向土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)投(tou)(tou)加Hg10mg／ks，蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)能(neng)存(cun)活(huo)；投(tou)(tou)加As100～300mg／kg及同時投(tou)(tou)加Cd、Cu、Pb各10、300和(he)300mg／kg，蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)已不能(neng)成(cheng)活(huo)，蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)對(dui)(dui)重金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)富(fu)集系(xi)數以As為(wei)最大，其(qi)次為(wei)Cd、Hg、Cu。由此可見(jian)，在重金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中放養蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)，待其(qi)富(fu)集重金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)后，采用(yong)(yong)電激、清水等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法驅出蚯(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)蚓(yin)，集中處理，對(dui)(dui)重金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)污(wu)染(ran)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)是(shi)一種經濟(ji)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)生態恢復(fu)措施。

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