飲水(shui)安(an)全關系到(dao)千家(jia)萬戶(hu)的(de)(de)福(fu)祉.特別是(shi)農 村地區居民(min)。近年(nian)來，國(guo)家(jia)下大力氣解決(jue)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)農村地區居民(min)的(de)(de)飲水(shui)安(an)全問(wen)題.但仍有部(bu)分(fen)(fen)居民(min) 的(de)(de)正常生活(huo)受飲水(shui)不(bu)安(an)全的(de)(de)影(ying)響農村飲水(shui)不(bu)安(an) 全人口的(de)(de)主要(yao)解決(jue)方(fang)式歸納(na)為以下兩類(lei)：①在(zai)已(yi)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)基礎上，延伸(shen)供水(shui)管道，即(ji)管網延伸(shen)工(gong)程(cheng); ②新(xin)建(jian)(jian)供水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(包(bao)括集中(zhong)和分(fen)(fen)散供水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng))。無 論何種解決(jue)方(fang)式.在(zai)設計(ji)上.目前常用的(de)(de)設計(ji)規(gui) 范主要(yao)是(shi)《室(shi)外(wai)給水(shui)設計(ji)規(gui)范》(GB50013— 2006)及《村鎮(zhen)供水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)技術規(gui)范》(SL310— 2004)。但這兩個規(gui)范都未提出農村小型供水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)具體(ti)設計(ji)工(gong)藝、單體(ti)構筑(zhu)物類(lei)型、應注意的(de)(de)問(wen)題。

聯戶小(xiao)型(xing)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程：指某些(xie)特殊(shu)地區，因(yin)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)范圍比(bi)較小(xiao).且受到地勢、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)等因(yin)素(su)影響(xiang)，只(zhi)能根據供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)范圍周邊(bian)現有水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)建設小(xiao)型(xing)聯戶供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程。

1供水規模

供水(shui)(shui)(shui)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)直接影響到整個工(gong)程的(de)社會效(xiao)益和經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)益，如設(she)計規(gui)(gui)模偏(pian)大(da)，則(ze)工(gong)程造價高(gao)，部(bu)分(fen)設(she)施停滯。造成(cheng)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)浪費，且效(xiao)益低;若設(she)計規(gui)(gui)模偏(pian)小(xiao)(xiao)。滿(man)足不了用戶的(de)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)求，建(jian)成(cheng)后需(xu)改造或擴建(jian).造成(cheng)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)損失(shi)。因(yin)此(ci)，在確定供水(shui)(shui)(shui)規(gui)(gui)模時，應綜合考慮山區(qu)村民生活習慣與(yu)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)現狀、用水(shui)(shui)(shui)條件、供水(shui)(shui)(shui)方式(shi)、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)條件及當地經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展狀況對于(yu)聯戶小(xiao)(xiao)型供水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程.以解決農村人(ren)畜飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)為(wei)主(zhu).影響供水(shui)(shui)(shui)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)因(yin)素相對較少.主(zhu)要是水(shui)(shui)(shui)源、供水(shui)(shui)(shui)范圍(wei)、設(she)計年限、供水(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)數。

1.1水源選擇

水(shui)(shui)(shui)源是(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的決(jue)定因素(su).對處(chu)理工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)選擇、供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)方式、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設和(he)建(jian)后(hou)管(guan)理的難易都(dou)起到影響。聯戶小型供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)源主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)、山溪水(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)。設計過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中應對水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)量與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量進行(xing)(xing)平衡計算.并對現有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源進行(xing)(xing)經濟、 技術條件比較后(hou)確定。選擇原(yuan)則主(zhu)要(yao)考(kao)慮以下幾點：①優先選用(yong)地(di)(di)勢高且(qie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)好(hao)的泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)，以便于 利(li)用(yong)地(di)(di)勢.重力自流到供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)，減少工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投資和(he)運行(xing)(xing)費用(yong);②沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)選用(yong)山溪水(shui)(shui)(shui)，但考(kao)慮盡量將取水(shui)(shui)(shui)構(gou)筑物設置在地(di)(di)勢高區.以減少工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價和(he)運行(xing)(xing)費用(yong);③項目區沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)選用(yong)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui).但要(yao)確保地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)量要(yao)滿(man)足工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量。

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