微生物(wu)(wu)固定(ding)化(hua)是生物(wu)(wu)工(gong)程領域的(de)一(yi)項新興(xing)技(ji)術，通過化(hua)學(xue)或物(wu)(wu)理的(de)方法將游離(li)細胞或酶定(ding)位(wei)在特定(ding)范圍(wei)內(nei)，以保留(liu)其(qi)催化(hua)活性，該技(ji)術是一(yi)種能夠連續并重復使用的(de)先進的(de)生物(wu)(wu)工(gong)程技(ji)術。

1 微生(sheng)物固定(ding)化的發展

微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)固定(ding)化(hua)最初(chu)應用于(yu)工業發酵，直到(dao)上個世紀七(qi)十(shi)年代末期開始應用于(yu)污水(shui)處(chu)理領(ling)域。使用微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)固定(ding)化(hua)技術處(chu)理污水(shui)，具(ju)有微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活性和(he)(he)濃度高、污泥產量(liang)低、微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)成顆粒態(tai)、微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)抵(di)抗有毒物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)強(qiang)等優點(dian)。因此，微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)固定(ding)化(hua)在近(jin)年來(lai)得到(dao)了深入的(de)(de)(de)研究和(he)(he)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)應用，已(yi)成為(wei)污水(shui)處(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)技術之(zhi)一(yi)。

目前，微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)主要有載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)合(he)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)，具體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)類如下(xia)：第一，載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)合(he)法(fa)(fa)，即(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)進行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)特(te)異性或(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理吸附、共(gong)價或(huo)離子結(jie)(jie)合(he)等(deng)(deng)(deng)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，使(shi)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)于載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上;第二，交聯(lian)法(fa)(fa)，即(ji)無載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，通(tong)常(chang)可以(yi)分(fen)(fen)為物(wu)(wu)(wu)理、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)兩種(zhong)交聯(lian)法(fa)(fa)， 需要注意的(de)(de)是物(wu)(wu)(wu)理交聯(lian)法(fa)(fa)依靠微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)自身特(te)性進行固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，通(tong)常(chang)不使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)包埋(mai)劑(ji)和額外的(de)(de)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，但固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時間比較長，而且容易受到(dao)(dao)環境因素的(de)(de)制(zhi)約; 第三，載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)(fen)隔法(fa)(fa)，即(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)進行固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，該方法(fa)(fa)通(tong)常(chang)可分(fen)(fen)為包埋(mai)、微(wei)(wei)膠囊兩種(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)，包埋(mai)法(fa)(fa)是在(zai)特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)聚合(he)網絡內對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng) 物(wu)(wu)(wu)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)進行固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，微(wei)(wei)膠囊法(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)乳(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)使(shi)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)包埋(mai)在(zai)由多(duo)聚物(wu)(wu)(wu)制(zhi)成的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)膠囊內;第四，系統截(jie)留法(fa)(fa)，即(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)滲析膜等(deng)(deng)(deng)半(ban)透膜將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)溶于特(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)范(fan)圍內，或(huo)是將(jiang)過濾、沉淀等(deng)(deng)(deng)處理后(hou)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu) 催(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)再次回到(dao)(dao)反應器(qi)中使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa);第五(wu)，聯(lian)合(he)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)，即(ji)將(jiang)不同的(de)(de)酶與(yu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)進行完(wan)整(zheng)結(jie)(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)，最(zui)初(chu)是將(jiang)外來酶與(yu)完(wan)整(zheng)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合(he)，如今已能(neng)將(jiang)多(duo)種(zhong)酶、微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)、底物(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)一起(qi)，和其它(ta)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)酶或(huo)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)相(xiang)比，該方法(fa)(fa)能(neng)夠充分(fen)(fen)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)與(yu)酶的(de)(de)自身特(te)點。

2 微生物固定化在生物污水處理中的應用

生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)含有的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)是生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)性污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)與有機污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)，這些污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)在水(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)能夠使水(shui)質惡化，導(dao)致魚(yu)蝦和藻(zao)類等(deng)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)死亡(wang)，甚至會傳播疾(ji)病，影(ying)響人類的(de)身體健康。生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)包(bao)括正己烷萃取物(wu)和氨氮、BOD、SS、LAS、COD、色度(du)、 糞大腸菌群、總(zong)磷等(deng)常規污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)。通常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)的(de)排水(shui)量為(wei)每人每天60L到150L，其中(zhong)(zhong)COD濃度(du)在每升200mg到500mg之間，每天每人為(wei)30g左右。

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