摘要(yao):生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)(ji)中(zhong)含(han)有汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢棄物(wu)、垃圾(ji)(ji)焚燒(shao)已成(cheng)為(wei)西方(fang)發達國(guo)家最(zui)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)源.在中(zhong)國(guo)垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)是(shi)(shi)處理城(cheng)市生(sheng)活垃圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)主要(yao)方(fang)式.利用(yong)(yong)高(gao)時間(jian)分辨率大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動測汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)儀對貴陽(yang)市郊區(qu)高(gao)雁垃圾(ji)(ji)衛生(sheng)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)態總(zong)(zong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)行了(le)測定(ding);利用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相色譜與(yu)冷原子熒光聯用(yong)(yong)技術(shu)測定(ding)了(le)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筒中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)甲(jia)基汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)二(er)甲(jia)基汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang).同(tong)(tong)時運用(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)動測汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)儀與(yu)低(di)空白石英玻璃通(tong)(tong)量(liang)箱結合技術(shu)高(gao)時間(jian)分辨率測定(ding)了(le)裸露垃圾(ji)(ji)及填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)土(tu)壤與(yu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)態總(zong)(zong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)換通(tong)(tong)量(liang).垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)半年(nian)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)態總(zong)(zong)平均(jun)(jun)濃(nong)度為(wei)(665.52±291.25)ng/m,與(yu)貴陽(yang)市某小型燃(ran)煤鍋(guo)爐排(pai)(pai)(pai)放煙氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)含(han)量(liang)相當,排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)甲(jia)基汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(MMHg)濃(nong)度平均(jun)(jun)值為(wei)(2.06±1.82:)ng/m3,二(er)甲(jia)基汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)(jun)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)(9.50±5.18)ng/m3.不論是(shi)(shi)裸露的(de)(de)(de)(de)垃圾(ji)(ji)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)覆土(tu)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)垃圾(ji)(ji)場(chang),地表與(yu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)態總(zong)(zong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)換通(tong)(tong)量(liang)表現向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放是(shi)(shi)占(zhan)主導地位. 垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)不僅是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)態總(zong)(zong)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)釋(shi)放源,同(tong)(tong)時還(huan)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)甲(jia)基汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放源.垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)通(tong)(tong)過兩種途徑進(jin)行,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筒與(yu)垃圾(ji)(ji)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)時排(pai)(pai)(pai)放到大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),另外還(huan)通(tong)(tong)過垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上覆土(tu)向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放.垃圾(ji)(ji)填(tian)(tian)(tian)埋(mai)場(chang)向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程明顯受氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象條... 更多

關鍵詞:汞,垃圾填埋(mai)場,章甲基汞,二甲基汞

由于特殊(shu)的(de)物(wu)理化學性質,汞(gong)是通過大(da)氣進行跨國(guo)界傳輸的(de)全球(qiu)性污染物(wu).自(zi)然過程和人(ren)為活動都(dou)向(xiang)大(da)氣釋(shi)放汞(gong).主要的(de)已知人(ren)為釋(shi)汞(gong)源有燃煤、垃圾焚(fen)燒、氯堿生產、金屬冶煉與加工(gong)等.

人為活動釋汞源不僅向(xiang)大氣排放(fang)(fang)在(zai)大氣中居(ju)留(liu)時(shi)間長的(de)(de)氣態單質汞,還向(xiang)大氣排放(fang)(fang)相當數量的(de)(de)在(zai)大氣中居(ju)留(liu)時(shi)間很短的(de)(de)活性氣態汞R(GM)和顆粒態汞.

自然釋(shi)汞(gong)過程包括(kuo)殼慢物質的(de)去氣作(zuo)用。盡(jin)管在(zai)大(da)氣汞(gong)源估算(suan)方面做了一些(xie)工作(zuo),但是(shi)對全球大(da)氣汞(gong)的(de)釋(shi)放總量的(de)估算(suan)還(huan)存在(zai)很大(da)的(de)誤差和(he)不確定性,主要原因(yin)之一是(shi)不同地(di)區(qu)的(de)研究程度還(huan)存在(zai)相當大(da)的(de)差異.

目(mu)前(qian),一(yi)些潛(qian)在(zai)的人(ren)為大(da)氣汞(gong)(gong)源(yuan)如垃圾填埋場還沒有引起(qi)足夠(gou)的重視.垃圾中(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)(gong)的含量(liang)相(xiang)對較高(gao)(gao),1949年前(qian)美國(guo)(guo)垃圾中(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)(gong)的含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)達(da)4mg,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)08%汞(gong)(gong)來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)于電池 [,其(qi)余(yu)部分來(lai)(lai)自熒光燈、電開關和(he)溫度計等.中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)堿性干電池中(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)(gong)的含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)達(da)1%一(yi)5%,中(zhong)(zhong)性電池汞(gong)(gong)含量(liang)為0.205%,全國(guo)(guo)每年用于生產干電池的汞(gong)(gong)已(yi)達(da)幾十噸之多

2010年元月中國才開始實施干電池的低汞和無汞化.垃圾經填埋后立即處于厭氧環境,在一系列的微生物作用下,垃圾中的碳水化合物、蛋白質及其他可降解的有機物質被轉化為梭酸

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