流域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統為(wei)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)提(ti)供各種服務(wu)(wu)：以豐富的(de)(de)水資源(yuan)哺育人(ren)類(lei)(lei)、灌溉農田、凈(jing)化(hua)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，以廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)(de)水域(yu)(yu)(yu)維(wei)持生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性，以干、支流為(wei)聯系(xi)紐帶(dai)溝通(tong)全(quan)流域(yu)(yu)(yu)，以蘊藏的(de)(de)巨大(da)水能為(wei)流域(yu)(yu)(yu)經濟發展提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)力。然(ran)而，隨著全(quan)球氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化(hua)和(he)(he)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)干擾加(jia)(jia)劇(ju)，流域(yu)(yu)(yu)土地利(li)用/覆蓋發生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)，自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)遭到破壞，水土流失加(jia)(jia)劇(ju)，生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性降低(di)，水體污染和(he)(he)富營養化(hua)問題(ti)越來越突(tu)出，已嚴重影響到流域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統服務(wu)(wu)[1]，導(dao)致經濟發展和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態保護(hu)(hu)之間的(de)(de)不平(ping)衡[2]。當前，流域(yu)(yu)(yu)管理是(shi)一(yi)個棘(ji)手的(de)(de)問題(ti)，如(ru)何協(xie)調社會(hui)經濟發展和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護(hu)(hu)，解(jie)決(jue)各類(lei)(lei)開發活(huo)動(dong)(dong)引(yin)起的(de)(de)資源(yuan)沖突(tu)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)問題(ti)，需要綜合考慮(lv)資源(yuan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)現狀和(he)(he)社會(hui)經濟活(huo)動(dong)(dong)等(deng)因素制定相應政(zheng)策[3-4]。

流(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)由社(she)會-經(jing)濟-自然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)巨(ju)型復合生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，由于地(di)域(yu)(yu)分布差(cha)異，各子(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)大(da)小、形狀、數量、類型、構型也存在不(bu)同，這(zhe)些都將(jiang)影響(xiang)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)能量流(liu)動、物(wu)質輸送(song)和(he)(he)物(wu)種(zhong)變化(hua)。流(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通過(guo)(guo)水(shui)與(yu)碳、氧、氮、磷等物(wu)質的(de)(de)循環過(guo)(guo)程得(de)以維(wei)系，其中水(shui)文過(guo)(guo)程(水(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)、水(shui)環境)是(shi)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)健康(kang)和(he)(he)社(she)會經(jing)濟持續發展的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)制約因素，與(yu)水(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)有(you)關的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務已成(cheng)為(wei)該領域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)研究重(zhong)點。由于大(da)部分生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)無法(fa)在常(chang)規的(de)(de)商品市(shi)場(chang)得(de)到(dao)反映，因此在經(jing)濟發展決(jue)策中得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)權重(zhong)或關注度通常(chang)較(jiao)小。如果能夠量化(hua)這(zhe)些價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)，可促使(shi)人(ren)們(men)全(quan)面(mian)認識流(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在支(zhi)撐經(jing)濟建(jian)設、維(wei)護(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)健康(kang)和(he)(he)保障生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全(quan)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)地(di)位和(he)(he)作用(yong)，也有(you)利于幫(bang)助(zhu)決(jue)策者尋求(qiu)合理的(de)(de)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)配置和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理方(fang)法(fa)[5]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務的(de)(de)定量評估也是(shi)制定流(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)補償機制、實施生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修復的(de)(de)重(zhong)要依(yi)據和(he)(he)科學基礎(chu)[6-8]。

筆者在(zai)總結國內外有關(guan)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)研(yan)(yan)究動(dong)態的基礎上，歸納流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)的分類(lei)和評(ping)估方法(fa)，重點(dian)(dian)(dian)闡述流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)的特點(dian)(dian)(dian)和內涵，總結分析(xi)該領域(yu)(yu)(yu)的研(yan)(yan)究重點(dian)(dian)(dian)和發展(zhan)趨勢，以期為流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態補償、生(sheng)態修復和流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)綜(zong)合管理(li)的相關(guan)研(yan)(yan)究提供參考。

1　國內外研(yan)究動態

當前(qian)有(you)(you)關生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)已(yi)經成為(wei)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)經濟學領(ling)域的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)熱點[9-10]。特別是1997年COSTANZA等[11]在《Nature》上發表的(de)有(you)(you)關全(quan)球(qiu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)(fu)務(wu)價值評估的(de)文章，掀(xian)起了生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)(fu)務(wu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)熱潮，在全(quan)球(qiu)、國(guo)家、市、縣(xian)、區域、流域等不(bu)同空間尺度上，針對(dui)森林、草(cao)地(di)、農田、濕地(di)、海洋等不(bu)同生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系統類型(xing)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)廣泛開展。中國(guo)當前(qian)處(chu)于(yu)經濟發展與(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境矛盾(dun)最為(wei)突出(chu)的(de)特殊時期，近年來(lai)該研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)領(ling)域發展較快，但總體處(chu)于(yu)概算式研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)和模仿研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)初(chu)步階段[12-18]。

流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)是近年來該領域(yu)(yu)(yu)逐漸興起的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究方(fang)(fang)向。國際上(主要(yao)(yao)是歐洲(zhou)(zhou)、非洲(zhou)(zhou)和(he)(he)美洲(zhou)(zhou))，大多(duo)基于(yu)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)管理、土地(di)/水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源利用(yong)、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)政策制定、公眾教育(yu)等目(mu)的(de)(de)，評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源、水(shui)(shui)土保(bao)持(chi)、減輕災害等各類生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)[19-21]，權衡分析經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)生(sheng)態服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)、流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)上游保(bao)護與(yu)下游經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)[4]，探(tan)討農(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展、土地(di)利用(yong)變化和(he)(he)不同政策措施對流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響[2,20,22-24]，并(bing)嘗試采用(yong)直觀的(de)(de)分類描述和(he)(he)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)結果以使(shi)公眾更容易(yi)認識和(he)(he)理解所處生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)[25]。國內(nei)方(fang)(fang)面，已有(you)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)黑河(he)(he)、海河(he)(he)、淮河(he)(he)、黃(huang)河(he)(he)、太(tai)湖(hu)、洞庭湖(hu)、延河(he)(he)下游、瑪納斯河(he)(he)、石羊河(he)(he)、鄱陽湖(hu)和(he)(he)九龍江(jiang)等流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)報道[21,26-29]，當(dang)前的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究重點是評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)各種人(ren)類活動(土地(di)利用(yong)變化、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)措施、水(shui)(shui)力發電(dian)等)對流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，并(bing)與(yu)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)上下游補償機(ji)制相聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)[7]。目(mu)前，國內(nei)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺度的(de)(de)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)研(yan)(yan)究主要(yao)(yao)套(tao)用(yong)全(quan)球或區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺度的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究方(fang)(fang)法，其相關(guan)(guan)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)方(fang)(fang)法、指標體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)賦值(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)各不相同，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)特點和(he)(he)內(nei)涵也未見明確(que)闡述。

2　流(liu)域生態系統服務的(de)分(fen)類和(he)評估方法(fa)

2.1　流(liu)域生態(tai)系統服務的分類

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)是(shi)自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)向人(ren)類(lei)福利傳送的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)、能(neng)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)信息流。20世紀90年(nian)代(dai)開始(shi)，研(yan)究者從不同學科或跨(kua)學科視角，基于(yu)不同目的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)(he)研(yan)究尺度提出了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種分類(lei)方(fang)法，整體上以(yi)(yi)Costanza、De Groot以(yi)(yi)及MEA(千年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)評(ping)估(gu)小組(zu))的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)最具代(dai)表性(xing)(xing)[30]。由于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性(xing)(xing)、時空異質(zhi)性(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)及評(ping)估(gu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，目前(qian)(qian)所有(you)分類(lei)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)都可能(neng)存在一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)不合理性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)局限性(xing)(xing)[31-32]。由表1可見，隨研(yan)究目的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(如(ru)通(tong)過評(ping)估(gu)影(ying)響(xiang)公眾(zhong)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)(he)(he)政策(ce)制(zhi)定、平衡(heng)上下游(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護與發(fa)展、加強流域(yu)(yu)(yu)資(zi)(zi)源管理、提高公眾(zhong)認知、構建綠色GDP、揭(jie)示(shi)人(ren)類(lei)活(huo)動影(ying)響(xiang)機(ji)制(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng))，流域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)或指標體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)也(ye)呈現(xian)多(duo)樣化(hua)(hua)特(te)征，但(dan)主要包(bao)括(kuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源、農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)原材料、水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)氣候調節、水(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)保持、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)及文化(hua)(hua)娛樂這6大類(lei)。其(qi)中，水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源包(bao)括(kuo)工農(nong)業(ye)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)船舶運輸等(deng)(deng)(deng);水(shui)(shui)(shui)或氣候調節包(bao)括(kuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體自(zi)凈、防洪、基流、固碳作用和(he)(he)(he)(he)固氮作用等(deng)(deng)(deng);水(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)保持包(bao)括(kuo)維(wei)持土(tu)壤肥力、減(jian)少土(tu)地(di)廢(fei)棄(qi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)減(jian)輕泥沙淤積等(deng)(deng)(deng);生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)包(bao)括(kuo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)棲息地(di)、珍禽特(te)有(you)越冬地(di)和(he)(he)(he)(he)植被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力等(deng)(deng)(deng);文化(hua)(hua)娛樂包(bao)括(kuo)狩(shou)獵和(he)(he)(he)(he)捕魚、濕(shi)地(di)景觀(guan)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)鳥景觀(guan)、科考旅(lv)游(you)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。據案例(li)統(tong)計，水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源、農(nong)林牧副漁產(chan)品(pin)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)調節、水(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)保持和(he)(he)(he)(he)文化(hua)(hua)娛樂是(shi)目前(qian)(qian)流域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺度生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)研(yan)究最為關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容。由于(yu)目前(qian)(qian)對(dui)于(yu)流域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)分類(lei)與價(jia)值評(ping)估(gu)方(fang)法還(huan)沒有(you)形成統(tong)一認識(shi)，賦值標準也(ye)不一致(zhi)，導致(zhi)評(ping)估(gu)結(jie)果難以(yi)(yi)直接比較。

2.2　流域(yu)生態系(xi)統(tong)服務價值評估方法

國(guo)內(nei)外對(dui)(dui)(dui)全(quan)球(qiu)、區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)、流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)等不同尺(chi)度生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)評估的(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)可分(fen)為市(shi)場(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、替代市(shi)場(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)假想市(shi)場(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)3大類(lei)，具體(ti)包括市(shi)場(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產率(lv)變動法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、享樂價(jia)(jia)格(ge)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、旅行(xing)費用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、支付意愿法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、成本(ben)費用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)收(shou)益轉移法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。采用這些(xie)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)計(ji)算(suan)獲得的(de)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)主要反(fan)映(ying)人類(lei)的(de)需求(qiu)，但并不能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)體(ti)現它對(dui)(dui)(dui)整個(ge)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)可持續發展(zhan)的(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)“隱(yin)性”的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(比(bi)服(fu)務功(gong)能(neng)更重(zhong)要，是提(ti)供生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)務的(de)基礎)還很少也很難進行(xing)定量估算(suan)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺(chi)度的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務評估，雖然可以借鑒全(quan)球(qiu)或區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺(chi)度生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務的(de)評估方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，但無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)完(wan)全(quan)反(fan)映(ying)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)特(te)性。近(jin)年來，不少學者對(dui)(dui)(dui)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺(chi)度的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務評估方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)作了改(gai)進和(he)探索(suo)，主要包括3個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)：

(1)在評估中(zhong)融入社(she)會因(yin)素(su)，考慮(lv)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)利(li)益相關者的支付意(yi)愿(yuan)。將自然、經濟和社(she)會作為一個整體，在評估中(zhong)考慮(lv)生態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)產品和服務的社(she)會價值[37];考慮(lv)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)居民(min)和政(zheng)府部門等利(li)益相關者對生態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服務和資(zi)源保護(hu)的支付意(yi)愿(yuan)或補償意(yi)愿(yuan)[38-41]。通過(guo)公眾調(diao)查(包括流(liu)域(yu)(yu)居民(min)、專家和管理者

)，可(ke)以(yi)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)同生態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)重要程度進行排序[25]。支付(fu)意愿調(diao)查法可(ke)以(yi)廣泛用于那些間(jian)接的(de)(de)(de)或不(bu)(bu)可(ke)見的(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)服(fu)務(wu)評估(gu)，但(dan)缺(que)點是受限于調(diao)查者的(de)(de)(de)主觀(guan)意識和(he)對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)專業知識的(de)(de)(de)了解程度[25]，還受到(dao)家(jia)庭年收入、對(dui)(dui)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任程度和(he)環境保護(hu)意識等因素的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)[42]，易造成評估(gu)結果的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)確定性。此外，使用層次(ci)分析法確定評價因子的(de)(de)(de)權重[36,43]，也可(ke)以(yi)反映各類生態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)(dui)利(li)益相(xiang)關(guan)者的(de)(de)(de)重要程度。

(2)強(qiang)調生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務(wu)價(jia)值時空(kong)(kong)(kong)變化的(de)(de)表達，運(yun)用GIS技(ji)(ji)術建立相應的(de)(de)評估(gu)模型。由于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務(wu)存(cun)在(zai)高度(du)的(de)(de)時空(kong)(kong)(kong)異質(zhi)性(xing)，運(yun)用GIS技(ji)(ji)術能(neng)夠實(shi)現對于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務(wu)價(jia)值的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間分析和可(ke)(ke)視化表達[22]。而且基于(yu)(yu)GIS建立的(de)(de)各種評估(gu)模型可(ke)(ke)用于(yu)(yu)模擬和分析整個流域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務(wu)的(de)(de)分布情況[33,44]，使流域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務(wu)的(de)(de)動態(tai)化表達成(cheng)為可(ke)(ke)能(neng)[45]，可(ke)(ke)視化的(de)(de)評估(gu)結果更(geng)直觀，對實(shi)踐的(de)(de)指導也更(geng)具針對性(xing)和實(shi)用性(xing)。

(3)強調生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)綜合評(ping)估應(ying)基于(yu)長期的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)監測(ce)。試驗監測(ce)結果(guo)能為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)定量(liang)評(ping)估提(ti)供基礎數(shu)據(ju)[35]。由于(yu)我國(guo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境監測(ce)網絡(luo)尚(shang)不健全，流域研究成(cheng)果(guo)零(ling)散，不足(zu)以(yi)支(zhi)持(chi)流域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)長期動態(tai)(tai)變(bian)化評(ping)估。針對數(shu)據(ju)缺乏問題，唐增等[46]應(ying)用(yong)最小數(shu)據(ju)法，通過分析(xi)土地利用(yong)收益的(de)(de)空(kong)間分布計算生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機會成(cheng)本(ben)，進而推導出生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)供給曲線(xian)，該方法對數(shu)據(ju)要求低(di)，計算簡單，可以(yi)滿足(zu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)付費(fei)(生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)補償)政策分析(xi)的(de)(de)需(xu)要。

目前，流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)學和經(jing)濟學2個角度進(jin)行計(ji)算[47]。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)學價值(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產成本(ben)理論(lun)估算，未考慮消費(fei)者偏好。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的經(jing)濟學價值(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)源(yuan)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的交(jiao)換價值(zhi)(zhi)，以消費(fei)者偏好為基(ji)礎(chu)，未充分考慮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)內部(bu)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)學機(ji)制和公共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)性。這些(xie)評(ping)估方法(fa)(fa)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)量化流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)(zhi)，引導人(ren)們有效使用自然資源(yuan)，協調經(jing)濟發展與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境之間的失衡(heng)問題，但很(hen)少考慮人(ren)文(wen)心理和社會(hui)經(jing)濟因素[33,48]。此外，受(shou)技術限制，現有評(ping)估方法(fa)(fa)大多沒有考慮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的結構(gou)與狀況，如未將(jiang)森林(lin)(lin)(lin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的幼(you)齡林(lin)(lin)(lin)、中齡林(lin)(lin)(lin)、近(jin)熟(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)、成熟(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)和過(guo)(guo)熟(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)區分對待，使得最后(hou)的評(ping)估結果(guo)往往偏差較大，難以直接應(ying)用于(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)管理、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)補償或生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)修復相關政策的制定(ding)。因此，在當前大力(li)實(shi)施生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)工程的背(bei)景下，如何(he)在評(ping)價體系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)結構(gou)進(jin)行細化是今后(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)量化研究的一(yi)個重點。

3　流域生(sheng)態系統服務的特(te)點和內涵

Ehrlich于1983年首次(ci)提(ti)出“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)(wu)”的(de)(de)概念。廣義的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)(wu)包(bao)含生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產品和(he)服務(wu)(wu)，其被(bei)大多數學者接受的(de)(de)定義是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)夠(gou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、輸送和(he)維持的(de)(de)一系(xi)列人(ren)類認為(wei)最(zui)重要的(de)(de)產品或服務(wu)(wu)，衡(heng)量生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)(wu)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)標(biao)準是人(ren)類可以從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中獲得惠益的(de)(de)多少。該定義在(zai)內涵上側重于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對于人(ren)類發(fa)展的(de)(de)支(zhi)撐意義，也反映出以人(ren)為(wei)中心(xin)的(de)(de)發(fa)展觀(guan)和(he)價(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)。然(ran)而，人(ren)們往(wang)往(wang)忽視了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(包(bao)括物質循環、能(neng)量流動和(he)信(xin)息傳遞)是提(ti)供(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)重要前提(ti)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)服務(wu)(wu)在(zai)不同(tong)空(kong)間尺(chi)度上應該有不同(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)點和(he)內涵。

由于(yu)(yu)流域(yu)特殊的(de)(de)地(di)(di)理特征(zheng)，對于(yu)(yu)流域(yu)尺度的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務(wu)應重點(dian)考慮以水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)過程(cheng)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)過程(cheng)為紐(niu)帶的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)產品或服(fu)務(wu)，其核心價值(zhi)表現為水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)境在(zai)支撐流域(yu)社會(hui)(hui)經濟發展(zhan)、維(wei)護生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)健康(kang)、保(bao)障生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境安全等方面的(de)(de)作用。流域(yu)范(fan)圍(wei)內的(de)(de)森林、草地(di)(di)、谷地(di)(di)、平原通過河流湖庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(包(bao)括地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui))構(gou)成一個整體生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)，從而(er)實現物(wu)質、能量、信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)傳遞和(he)(he)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)。人們大多選擇在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源豐富的(de)(de)區域(yu)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)生(sheng)活，導(dao)致河流上(shang)下游、左右岸(an)、農村和(he)(he)城市等不(bu)同地(di)(di)理單元的(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)經濟形態(tai)(tai)(tai)存在(zai)空(kong)間(jian)差異，經世代繁衍逐步形成流域(yu)人類文明。因此，流域(yu)尺度的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服(fu)務(wu)主要涉及水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源服(fu)務(wu)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)務(wu)兩大類。前(qian)者包(bao)括工農業(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)業(ye)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、市政用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、娛樂休(xiu)閑(xian)等，屬于(yu)(yu)可見、直觀的(de)(de)直接利用價值(zhi);水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)服(fu)務(wu)主要包(bao)括水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)調(diao)節、氣候調(diao)節、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土保(bao)持、污染削減和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體凈化、提供與生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性保(bao)護相關的(de)(de)生(sheng)境或棲息(xi)地(di)(di)等，總體屬于(yu)(yu)間(jian)接利用價值(zhi)或支撐性服(fu)務(wu)。

流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)居(ju)民和(he)管理者最為(wei)(wei)(wei)關心的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)類型是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)與(yu)社會經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要支撐。雖然(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)市場經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)中得(de)到(dao)量化，但(dan)由(you)(you)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)權界定(ding)模(mo)糊，其仍然(ran)具(ju)有(you)公共物品屬性(xing)，加上(shang)(shang)人(ren)類對水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)超額需求，容易產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)浪(lang)費、用水(shui)(shui)(shui)沖(chong)突(tu)、分(fen)配困難(nan)等(deng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)配置性(xing)問(wen)題。水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)長期(qi)以(yi)(yi)來不受(shou)重視，一(yi)方面是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)其與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活沒有(you)直接關系(xi)(xi)，價值(zhi)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)量化;另(ling)一(yi)方面，傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)管理以(yi)(yi)行(xing)政區劃為(wei)(wei)(wei)單元，無法在(zai)(zai)(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺度上(shang)(shang)統(tong)(tong)籌(chou)考慮河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)、左右岸這(zhe)一(yi)整體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。受(shou)地(di)理氣候(hou)條(tiao)件影響，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布格(ge)局，尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)江(jiang)、大(da)河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)，其上(shang)(shang)、中、下(xia)(xia)游(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)結構與(yu)功能(neng)上(shang)(shang)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)明顯差異，如(ru)上(shang)(shang)游(you)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)荒漠，中游(you)主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)森林和(he)草地(di)，下(xia)(xia)游(you)主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耕地(di)和(he)人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)等(deng)。受(shou)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦限制(zhi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)內各(ge)地(di)區人(ren)口分(fen)布和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展并(bing)不平衡，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)行(xing)政區之間在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用上(shang)(shang)必定(ding)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沖(chong)突(tu)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上(shang)(shang)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動性(xing)(如(ru)河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu))和(he)累積性(xing)(如(ru)梯(ti)級電站(zhan)大(da)壩)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)間上(shang)(shang)也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)長期(qi)累積效應(如(ru)營(ying)養鹽結構變化導致生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境模(mo)式改(gai)變和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)演(yan)替)。人(ren)們對流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)、下(xia)(xia)游(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)或(huo)破(po)壞(huai)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)環(huan)境經(jing)濟(ji)學上(shang)(shang)表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正外部性(xing)或(huo)負外部性(xing)問(wen)題，而這(zhe)些問(wen)題未能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國民經(jing)濟(ji)核算(suan)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(GDP)和(he)“各(ge)自為(wei)(wei)(wei)政”的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)決策中得(de)到(dao)平衡。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)補償是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解決流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)社會經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展中公平與(yu)效率問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要途徑(jing)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實現(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)綜合管理和(he)基(ji)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。因此，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)研究應融合水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)尺度上(shang)(shang)，基(ji)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)健(jian)康或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮，評估生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間分(fen)布及其動態(tai)變化，并(bing)通過合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)評估方法量化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)價值(zhi)，將其納入社會發(fa)展與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)決策機制(zhi)。

4　生態系統服務與基于生態系統的流(liu)域管理

當(dang)前水(shui)質惡化(hua)、富營養化(hua)、水(shui)土流(liu)失(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)生境(jing)破(po)壞(huai)等流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)性問題凸顯，人(ren)們逐(zhu)步(bu)認識到(dao)人(ren)口(kou)增加和(he)(he)經濟(ji)快(kuai)速發(fa)展對流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統服務(wu)的(de)負面影響——生態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統被破(po)壞(huai)，進而導致生態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統服務(wu)損失(shi)(shi)。目前國際上推(tui)崇流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)綜合管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)基于生態系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念，我國的(de)水(shui)資源(yuan)管理(li)(li)也(ye)在向流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)區域(yu)(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)相結合的(de)模式(shi)轉變(bian)。毫無疑問，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)社會經濟(ji)的(de)可持(chi)續發(fa)展取(qu)

決于生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)功能的穩定(ding)性和生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)服務的持續性，在流域綜合(he)管理框(kuang)架下要綜合(he)考慮水(shui)資源服務和水(shui)生(sheng)態服務，污染防(fang)治(zhi)與(yu)生(sheng)態修復并重(zhong)。

 國內外已(yi)有(you)大量(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)工程和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)機制的(de)(de)(de)實施案例(li)，需要特別指出的(de)(de)(de)是，對生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)工程的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)續(xu)評(ping)估(gu)，必(bi)須通過第三(san)方基(ji)(ji)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統過程和功(gong)能(如(ru)濕地(di)用(yong)于(yu)營(ying)養鹽削減)開展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)試驗，評(ping)估(gu)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源、生(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)及其提供的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)是否等同，而(er)(er)不(bu)僅僅是簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)量(liang)化。若不(bu)能確保(bao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)工程可(ke)完全抵償(chang)已(yi)受損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，這種生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)機制就會鼓勵開發者不(bu)斷(duan)占用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)資(zi)源(如(ru)將濕地(di)轉為建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)，與(yu)支付的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)金相比，其收益遠高于(yu)成(cheng)本)，進(jin)而(er)(er)導致生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)持續(xu)惡化[8]。當然，在生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)成(cheng)本很高或(huo)者修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)措施不(bu)可(ke)行時，經濟(ji)價值(zhi)評(ping)估(gu)也可(ke)作為征收生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)損(sun)害(hai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)金的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要依據。在實踐中，目前還未建(jian)立(li)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)評(ping)估(gu)體(ti)系和配套的(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)、財(cai)政機制，無法將自(zi)然資(zi)本核算(suan)納(na)入資(zi)源管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)決(jue)策(ce)和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)機制中[49]，對相關(guan)政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)實施結果也缺乏第三(san)方進(jin)行客(ke)觀的(de)(de)(de)監測與(yu)評(ping)估(gu)[50]。從(cong)這個(ge)層面來看，流(liu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)務(wu)(wu)評(ping)估(gu)是聯系自(zi)然科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、環境(jing)經濟(ji)學(xue)與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁，是基(ji)(ji)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)域管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)衡量(liang)基(ji)(ji)準(zhun)。

5　總結與展望

在人(ren)類(lei)活動和(he)全球氣候變(bian)化的(de)疊加(jia)影響下，流(liu)域(yu)生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)提供產(chan)品(pin)和(he)服務(wu)的(de)能力受到了不同程度的(de)損害，流(liu)域(yu)生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)否(fou)可持(chi)續(xu)已(yi)成為(wei)一大挑(tiao)戰。人(ren)類(lei)除了在科學研究上認識生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，在技(ji)術工程上實現生態修復，還(huan)應從(cong)社會、經濟和(he)人(ren)文層面，利用(yong)以市場為(wei)主導的(de)政策方(fang)法，引(yin)導水(shui)資源(yuan)分配機制(zhi)向(xiang)促(cu)進供給服務(wu)、調節服務(wu)和(he)水(shui)生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)支撐性(xing)服務(wu)的(de)可持(chi)續(xu)發展方(fang)向(xiang)轉變(bian)[23]。

當前已(yi)進入(ru)地球(qiu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)科(ke)學時代，針對(dui)流域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，首(shou)先要(yao)認(ren)識到流域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)復雜性，特(te)別是(shi)受人(ren)類干擾日(ri)益強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)水生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，其生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服務(wu)(wu)與(yu)社(she)會福利之間存(cun)在非線性相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)關系(xi)(xi)，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)(wu)呈現(xian)出(chu)高度的(de)(de)(de)空間異質性和動態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)性。因(yin)此(ci)，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)(wu)研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要(yao)任務(wu)(wu)是(shi)將自然(ran)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)與(yu)社(she)會過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)、經濟過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)相聯系(xi)(xi)。在研(yan)究(jiu)思(si)路上(shang)，要(yao)注重(zhong)科(ke)學研(yan)究(jiu)與(yu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)實踐的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)接，加(jia)強(qiang)科(ke)學家與(yu)管理者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)話(hua)，將評(ping)估結果轉化為能夠被決策(ce)和管理者(zhe)直接應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學依據;在研(yan)究(jiu)內容(rong)上(shang)，重(zhong)點研(yan)究(jiu)“生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)-生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能-生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)服務(wu)(wu)-獲得利益”之間的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi);在研(yan)究(jiu)手段上(shang)，強(qiang)調跨學科(ke)交叉、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)(wu)動態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)評(ping)估模型以及“3S”技術的(de)(de)(de)綜合應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

在(zai)全球生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務研(yan)(yan)究快速發展的(de)(de)學術(shu)背景(jing)下，流(liu)域(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務研(yan)(yan)究將(jiang)更(geng)加注重水(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務評(ping)(ping)估(gu)的(de)(de)相關(guan)理論和(he)方法(fa)學研(yan)(yan)究。通(tong)過系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)性(xing)研(yan)(yan)究和(he)多學科綜合(he)研(yan)(yan)究，推(tui)動(dong)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)指標(biao)體系(xi)(xi)和(he)賦值標(biao)準的(de)(de)規范化，建立一套適用于(yu)流(liu)域(yu)尺度(du)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務的(de)(de)科學有效的(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)方法(fa)，是當前該領(ling)域(yu)研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)主要任務。相信隨著生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)科學研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)深入，流(liu)域(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)務評(ping)(ping)估(gu)可為(wei)流(liu)域(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境保(bao)護和(he)流(liu)域(yu)綜合(he)管(guan)理提供更(geng)有力的(de)(de)支撐(cheng)。

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