建筑施工節能技術分析與研究
前言
目(mu)前,我(wo)(wo)國對建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工節(jie)能方(fang)面(mian)非常重視(shi),相關的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工節(jie)能技(ji)術也得到了充分的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。然而我(wo)(wo)們還應看到,由于相較于國外而言,我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工節(jie)能技(ji)術還屬于剛起(qi)步極端,仍然需(xu)要很長的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)時(shi)間(jian)。建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工相關工作人員要有自覺提升其專業素質(zhi)的(de)(de)意識,在(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工過程(cheng)中積(ji)累節(jie)能經驗,從而為施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工節(jie)能技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)做出(chu)貢獻。
一、建筑節能的內涵分(fen)析
建(jian)筑節(jie)能這(zhe)一(yi)概念(nian)在發達國家經(jing)歷了(le)三(san)個階(jie)段:“建(jian)筑節(jie)能”、“在建(jian)筑中保持(chi)能源(yuan)”、“提高建(jian)筑中的(de)能源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)”。在我(wo)國,現在仍通(tong)稱為(wei)建(jian)筑節(jie)能,但其含(han)義應該進到第三(san)層(ceng)意思(si),即在建(jian)筑中合理使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和有效(xiao)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)能源(yuan),不(bu)斷提高能源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv),降低建(jian)筑能耗量。
二(er)、節能(neng)理念在(zai)建筑施工(gong)中的重要(yao)意義
1、建筑節能(neng)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)改善空(kong)間(jian)環境(jing)。建筑節能(neng)可(ke)改善大氣(qi)環境(jing)。我(wo)國建筑采暖(nuan)能(neng)源(yuan)以(yi)(yi)煤(mei)(mei)炭為主,約占 75%。目前,我(wo)國采暖(nuan)燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)排放二(er)氧化碳每年約 1. 9 億(yi)噸(dun),排放二(er)氧化硫(liu)近 300 萬噸(dun),煙(yan)塵約 300 萬噸(dun),采暖(nuan)期(qi)城市大氣(qi)污(wu)染(ran)指標(biao)普遍(bian)超過了(le)標(biao)準,造成了(le)嚴(yan)重的大氣(qi)污(wu)染(ran)。顯然,降(jiang)低建筑能(neng)耗,提高建筑節能(neng)效(xiao)果是(shi)改善大氣(qi)環境(jing)的重要途徑(jing)。
2、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)能是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)需要。能源(yuan)是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)和改善人民(min)生(sheng)活水(shui)平的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要物質基礎,然而我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)能源(yuan)形(xing)勢(shi)嚴峻。據測,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)年(nian)需各種能源(yuan)共(gong) 17億噸標(biao)準(zhun)煤(mei),但(dan)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)能源(yuan)僅有 13. 7 億噸標(biao)準(zhun)煤(mei),遠低于世界平均水(shui)平,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能耗的(de)(de)增長(chang)卻(que)遠高于能源(yuan)的(de)(de)增長(chang)速度。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)原(yuan)有建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)及(ji)每(mei)年(nian)新建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)量巨大,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)用能嚴重(zhong)(zhong)浪費,抓緊建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)能工(gong)作是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大課題。
三、建筑節(jie)能存在的(de)主要問題分析
1、節(jie)(jie)(jie)能降耗政策問題。當(dang)前我國的(de)(de)(de)工民建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)(jie)能尚(shang)屬(shu)于(yu)起(qi)步(bu)階段(duan),還沒(mei)有(you)形成(cheng)完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規。建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)(jie)能缺乏必要的(de)(de)(de)政策支持,以及(ji)財(cai)政保障工作不到位(wei)。很(hen)多(duo)地區對于(yu)建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)(jie)能工作的(de)(de)(de)重視程度(du)不夠,制約(yue)了建(jian)筑節(jie)(jie)(jie)能的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。
2、節(jie)能(neng)降耗管理(li)問題。工(gong)民建(jian)住節(jie)能(neng)施(shi)工(gong)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)十分復雜的系統工(gong)程(cheng),在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)當中涉(she)及到多(duo)個(ge)部(bu)門以及工(gong)種的聯合作業(ye)。因此在(zai)建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)當中應(ying)該做好相(xiang)應(ying)的管理(li)工(gong)作,從(cong)而保證施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)能(neng)夠順利(li)有序的完成,避免沖突(tu)造成的工(gong)期延誤。
四、建筑施工節能的主要框架
建筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)節能(neng)(neng)的(de)總(zong)體框架(jia)由施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)、資源利用(yong)(yong)、操作工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)電等五個方面組(zu)(zu)成(cheng),同時(shi)包(bao)含了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)策(ce)劃(hua)、材料采購、現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)驗收等各階(jie)段的(de)具(ju)體實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容(rong)。(1)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)包(bao)括(kuo):組(zu)(zu)織管(guan)理(li)(li)、規劃(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)、實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)、評價管(guan)理(li)(li)、人(ren)員(yuan)安全與(yu)(yu)健康管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)各項節能(neng)(neng)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)制定、實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。(2)資源利用(yong)(yong)包(bao)括(kuo):在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)資源、建筑與(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料資源、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機具(ju)設(she)備資源、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)地資源利用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)的(de)節能(neng)(neng)控制。(3)操作工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝包(bao)括(kuo):工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝設(she)計、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)、操作要點、質量(liang)(liang)控制、安全保障節能(neng)(neng)要求。(4)臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包(bao)括(kuo):臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)布置、設(she)計、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和使用(yong)(yong)的(de)節能(neng)(neng)體現(xian)。(5)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)電包(bao)括(kuo):臨(lin)(lin)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)電線(xian)(xian)路的(de)合(he)理(li)(li)設(she)計與(yu)(yu)布置、用(yong)(yong)電設(she)備的(de)合(he)理(li)(li)選用(yong)(yong)、節能(neng)(neng)電線(xian)(xian)和節能(neng)(neng)燈具(ju)的(de)選用(yong)(yong)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)電的(de)計量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)。
五、建(jian)筑施工節能(neng)的具體對(dui)策分析
1、實施(shi)(shi)管理(li)。第(di)(di)一(yi),建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)應(ying)對(dui)整(zheng)個(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程實施(shi)(shi)動態管理(li),加強對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)策(ce)劃(hua)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備、材(cai)料采購、現場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、工(gong)(gong)程驗收等各階段的(de)管理(li)和監督。第(di)(di)二,應(ying)結合工(gong)(gong)程項目的(de)特點(dian),有針對(dui)性(xing)地對(dui)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)作相應(ying)的(de)宣傳,通(tong)過宣傳營造建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)氛圍。第(di)(di)三,定(ding)期對(dui)職工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)知識培訓,增強職工(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)意識。
2、評價管理(li)。第一,對照本導則的指標體系,結(jie)合(he)工(gong)程(cheng)特點,對建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)節(jie)能的效果及采用的新技術(shu)、新設備、新材料與新工(gong)藝,進行自(zi)評估(gu)。第二,成立專家評估(gu)小組,對建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)節(jie)能方案(an)、實施(shi)過程(cheng)至(zhi)項(xiang)目竣工(gong),進行綜合(he)評估(gu)。
3、節能(neng)(neng)(neng)措施(shi)(shi)。第(di)一,制訂合(he)理(li)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)指標(biao),提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)。第(di)二,優(you)先(xian)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)國家、行業(ye)推(tui)薦(jian)的(de)(de)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)、高效、環保(bao)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備和(he)機具,如選用(yong)(yong)(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)技術的(de)(de)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備等(deng)(deng)。第(di)三,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場分(fen)別設(she)(she)定生(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)活、辦公和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電控制指標(biao),定期進行計量(liang)、核算、對比分(fen)析,并有預防與(yu)糾正措施(shi)(shi)。第(di)四(si),在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)(she)計中,合(he)理(li)安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)面,以減少作(zuo)業(ye)區域的(de)(de)機具數量(liang),相鄰(lin)作(zuo)業(ye)區充分(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)共有的(de)(de)機具資源。安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝時,應(ying)優(you)先(xian)考慮耗(hao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)或其他能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)較(jiao)少的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。避(bi)免(mian)設(she)(she)備額定功率(lv)遠大于(yu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)功率(lv)或超負荷使用(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)現象。第(di)五,根(gen)據當地(di)氣候(hou)和(he)自然資源條件,充分(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、地(di)熱等(deng)(deng)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源。
4、機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)與機(ji)(ji)具(ju)。第(di)一,建(jian)立(li)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)管理制度,開展用(yong)電(dian)(dian)、用(yong)油(you)(you)計量(liang)(liang),完善設(she)(she)備(bei)檔(dang)案,及時做好維(wei)修保養工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,使(shi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)保持低(di)耗(hao)、高效的狀態。第(di)二(er),選(xuan)擇功率與負載(zai)(zai)相匹配的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei),避免(mian)大(da)功率施工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)低(di)負載(zai)(zai)長(chang)時間運(yun)行。機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)安裝可采用(yong)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)型機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei),如逆(ni)變(bian)式電(dian)(dian)焊機(ji)(ji)和(he)能(neng)耗(hao)低(di)、效率高的手(shou)持電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)等,以利(li)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)。機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)宜使(shi)用(yong)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)型油(you)(you)料添(tian)加劑,在可能(neng)的情況下,考慮回收利(li)用(yong),節(jie)(jie)約(yue)油(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)。第(di)三(san),合理安排工(gong)(gong)(gong)序,提高各種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)的使(shi)用(yong)率和(he)滿載(zai)(zai)率,降低(di)各種設(she)(she)備(bei)的單位(wei)耗(hao)能(neng)。
5、生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活及辦公臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)施(shi)。第一,利用場地自然條件,合(he)(he)理設(she)計生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活及辦公臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)施(shi)的(de)體形、朝向(xiang)、間距和(he)窗墻面積比,使其獲得良好的(de)日照(zhao)、通風和(he)采光。第二,臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)施(shi)宜采用節(jie)能材料,墻體、屋面使用隔熱性能好的(de)的(de)材料,減少(shao)夏天空(kong)(kong)調、冬天取暖設(she)備(bei)的(de)使用時(shi)(shi)(shi)間及耗(hao)能量。第三(san),合(he)(he)理配置采暖、空(kong)(kong)調、風扇數量,規(gui)定使用時(shi)(shi)(shi)間,實行分段分時(shi)(shi)(shi)使用,節(jie)約用電。
6、施工(gong)用(yong)(yong)電及(ji)照(zhao)明。第一,臨時用(yong)(yong)電優先選用(yong)(yong)節能(neng)(neng)電線(xian)和(he)節能(neng)(neng)燈(deng)具,臨電線(xian)路合理(li)設(she)(she)計(ji)、布置,臨電設(she)(she)備宜(yi)采用(yong)(yong)自動(dong)控制裝(zhuang)置。采用(yong)(yong)聲(sheng)控、光控等(deng)節能(neng)(neng)照(zhao)明燈(deng)具。第二,照(zhao)明設(she)(she)計(ji)以滿(man)足最低照(zhao)度為原(yuan)則(ze),照(zhao)度不(bu)應超過最低照(zhao)度的 20%。
7、建筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)方面節(jie)(jie)能。建筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)節(jie)(jie)約空間很大。比(bi)如說模(mo)板,裁(cai)剪后(hou)的(de)小塊模(mo)板完全可(ke)以用(yong)作腳(jiao)手(shou)架(jia)的(de)臨(lin)邊防(fang)護或洞口防(fang)護等,或與短(duan)方木配(pei)合(he)加工成定型腳(jiao)手(shou)板,用(yong)于外腳(jiao)手(shou)架(jia)的(de)水平(ping)防(fang)護,成本不大。廢物(wu)利用(yong),但周轉次數和(he)安(an)全系數卻成倍增長(chang)。對于方木,可(ke)采用(yong)方木接(jie)(jie)長(chang)的(de)方法(fa),把(ba) 50cm以上的(de)方木接(jie)(jie)長(chang)繼續使用(yong),可(ke)大大提(ti)高其周轉次數。現在(zai)(zai)的(de)很多工程為高層住宅,短(duan)肢(zhi)剪力墻的(de)結構(gou)比(bi)較多,在(zai)(zai)平(ping)時經常看到(dao)拆完模(mo)板的(de)樓層,混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)廢料(liao)(liao)很多
,一般都當作垃圾運(yun)走了(le)(le)。其實(shi),施(shi)工現場很(hen)多(duo)地方需要(yao)硬(ying)化,要(yao)求標準不高,工程竣(jun)工后就(jiu)被拆除了(le)(le),完全可(ke)以(yi)將這些建筑廢料(liao)收集起來,加些水泥、砂子進行(xing)攪拌。就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)硬(ying)化地面了(le)(le),既節約材(cai)料(liao),又免支(zhi)付外運(yun)的費用(yong)。
8、施工地(di)生活(huo)區方面節(jie)能。生活(huo)區最(zui)大的問題(ti)是長(chang)流(liu)水、長(chang)明燈問題(ti)。除需加強管(guan)(guan)理以外,可根(gen)據實(shi)際情(qing)況(kuang)進行定(ding)時供電(dian)供水。例如(ru)生活(huo)區照明最(zui)好使(shi)用熒光燈管(guan)(guan),鎮流(liu)器最(zui)好使(shi)用電(dian)子(zi)式,亮度高又省電(dian)。
六、結語
城(cheng)市建(jian)筑(zhu)在(zai)建(jian)造中的(de)節(jie)能(neng)技術也(ye)是我國能(neng)源(yuan)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)戰略(lve)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組成部分。作為建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)全壽命周期中的(de)一個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)環節(jie),工程建(jian)設施工活動中如何在(zai)保證質量、安全等基(ji)本要(yao)(yao)求的(de)前提(ti)下,通過科學管理和(he)(he)技術進(jin)步,最大限(xian)度地節(jie)約資(zi)源(yuan)、減少對環境的(de)負面影響(xiang),實現節(jie)能(neng)、節(jie)地、節(jie)水(shui)、節(jie)材和(he)(he)保護環境,是現今建(jian)筑(zhu)業可持續發(fa)展(zhan)進(jin)程中重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)社(she)會責(ze)任(ren)。
參考文獻:
[1]丘建安.淺談房屋(wu)建筑施工的節能技術[J].技術與(yu)市場.2011
[2]劉雙建.節能(neng)技術的應用(yong)與發(fa)展的探討(tao)[J].企業導報.2009
[3]顧(gu)國全.淺談房屋(wu)建筑節(jie)能施工技術[J].技術與市場.2010

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