摘(zhai)要：通過 分析 小(xiao)區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)水(shui)質、水(shui)量特(te)征,系統(tong)地簡介了小(xiao)區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理工藝(yi),并根(gen)據小(xiao)區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)回用去向,闡述了小(xiao)區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)回用技術及其(qi)典型 方法 及對存在(zai) 問題 的(de)思(si)考(kao)。

關鍵詞：小區 生活(huo)污水 回用技術

小(xiao)區(qu)是(shi)具(ju)有一種或多種功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域,包(bao)括(kuo)通常意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居民生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)小(xiao)區(qu)、 醫(yi)院 、公園、 旅(lv)游 渡假村、新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)大學城(cheng)、高(gao)速(su)公路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)服(fu)務區(qu)等(deng),其(qi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統通常不(bu)(bu)在(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)管網覆蓋范(fan)圍之內(nei),必須設(she)置(zhi)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設(she)施。小(xiao)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力,各國(guo)并無統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限定。美國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)議將單(dan)個構(gou)筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力限定在(zai)3 785 m3 / d 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內(nei)。根據(ju)我國(guo)情況,建(jian)(jian)(jian)議把(ba)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)在(zai)4 000 m3 / d 以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)定義(yi)為小(xiao)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)[1 ] 。小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)同于(yu)包(bao)括(kuo)部分 工業 廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),其(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)特(te)征為:水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)小(xiao)時變(bian)化系數(shu)較大,污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)通常比(bi)城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)低,污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)化性(xing)好,處(chu)(chu)理(li)難度(du)(du)較小(xiao);且由于(yu)其(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)來源比(bi)較簡單(dan),從處(chu)(chu)理(li)技術(shu)和處(chu)(chu)理(li)成(cheng)本角(jiao)度(du)(du)考慮,具(ju)有相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)可(ke)行性(xing)和很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價值(zhi)。資(zi)料顯示(shi),以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為例,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)烹飪、飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)占(zhan)5 % ,而對(dui)占(zhan)20 %～30 %不(bu)(bu)與人體直接接觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)雜(za)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)如沖廁(ce)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng),加上小(xiao)區(qu)綠化澆灌用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、空調冷卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)面(mian)沖洗(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)以(yi)及車(che)輛(liang)清洗(xi)(xi)等(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也可(ke)歸入生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)雜(za)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)疇,并無高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要(yao)求[2 ] ,這種用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分布為小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)去向提(ti)供了可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。根據(ju)小(xiao)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)特(te)點,小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方向,主(zhu)要(yao)應該是(shi)廁(ce)所(suo)沖洗(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、綠化澆灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)面(mian)沖洗(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、車(che)輛(liang)沖洗(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、非接觸風景(jing)景(jing)觀用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)。根據(ju)我國(guo)對(dui)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)雜(za)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(廁(ce)所(suo)便器沖洗(xi)(xi)、城(cheng)市(shi)綠化、洗(xi)(xi)車(che)沖洗(xi)(xi)等(deng)) 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)標準要(yao)求,并 參(can)考 美國(guo)制訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)議指導書(shu)》、《市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)雜(za)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)標準》和日本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《城(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)

水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)標準(zhun)》中關于此(ci)類再生回用(yong)水(shui)(shui)的水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要求,一般要求小區生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)經過二級強(qiang)化處理(li)并消毒(du)后,使回用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達到(dao)表1[2 ,3 ] 標準(zhun),即可(ke)滿(man)足對于

小區生活(huo)污水的一般回(hui)用要(yao)求。

小區生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回用不僅可以為水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源匱(kui)乏(fa)地(di)區提供了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)“水(shui)(shui)源”,即使對(dui)水(shui)(shui)源豐沛的(de)(de)地(di)區,也可以起到防(fang)治污(wu)染的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,減輕城市下水(shui)(shui)管網和污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理的(de)(de)壓(ya)力[4 ,12 ] 。

1 小(xiao)區生活污(wu)水(shui)的(de)典型處理工藝

小區生活污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)在(zai)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang) 發展 起(qi)來的(de)(de)(de)。常規(gui)城(cheng)市污水(shui)二(er)級生物處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)主要有:氧化溝技術、SBR 工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(系列) 、BAF 工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、A2 / O 工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、生物處(chu)理(li)+ 人(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕地(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)等(見表2) [1 - 3 ,5 ,7 ,9 ,10 ,14 ] 。根據小區及其污水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),一般小區生活污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)設施(shi)應工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)流程合(he)理(li),處(chu)理(li)效果穩定,采(cai)用一體化設施(shi),并盡(jin)量采(cai)用地(di)(di)埋(mai)式處(chu)理(li),地(di)(di)面進行(xing)綠化;如(ru)采(cai)用地(di)(di)上(shang)式處(chu)理(li),需與周圍環境協調,并盡(jin)量減少如(ru)臭味、噪聲、污泥等二(er)次污染(ran)。

2 小(xiao)區生活污水的(de)回用技(ji)術(shu)

近年(nian)來,通(tong)過(guo)(guo)對國外成熟技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)借鑒和國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 研究(jiu) 實踐,小區回用(yong)(yong)技術(shu)(shu)得到了(le)很快的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)深(shen)(shen)度處(chu)(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是進一步去除污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)懸浮(fu)物(wu)(wu)(SS) 、有機物(wu)(wu)、氮磷等營(ying)養鹽(yan)以(yi)及可溶的(de)(de)(de)(de)無機鹽(yan)等。根(gen)據(ju)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)途和地理條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,處(chu)(chu)理工藝與流程也有著很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)度處(chu)(chu)理流程通(tong)常有以(yi)下幾類: (1) 混凝、澄清(qing)、過(guo)(guo)濾法(fa)(fa); (2) 直接過(guo)(guo)濾法(fa)(fa); (3) 微絮凝過(guo)(guo)濾法(fa)(fa); (4) 接觸氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa); (5) 生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)快濾池(chi)法(fa)(fa); (6) 流化(hua)(hua)床生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa);(7) 活(huo)性炭吸附法(fa)(fa); (8) 膜過(guo)(guo)濾技術(shu)(shu)(超濾、納濾等) ;(9) 生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜技術(shu)(shu)[2 ] 等。對于小區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)(yong),根(gen)據(ju)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)去向,我國一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)以(yi)下工藝流程(見(jian)表3) [5 ] 。

表3 常見小(xiao)區(qu)生活污水回用(yong)工藝流(liu)程

1 綠化、沖廁等二級出水→消毒(du)→回用

2 空調(diao)冷(leng)卻水等二級出水→過(guo)濾→消毒(du)→回(hui)用

3 洗(xi)車、消防、

空調冷卻水等二級出水→混(hun)凝沉(chen)淀→砂濾(lv)→消毒→回用

隨(sui)著小區生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)處理技術(shu)的發展(zhan),二(er)級(ji)(ji)處理及深度處理的差(cha)異不再像以(yi)往明顯,諸(zhu)如(ru)生物(wu)膜(mo)技術(shu)、生物(wu)活(huo)性炭(tan)技術(shu)、BAF 工藝等作為二(er)級(ji)(ji)強(qiang)化處理,一般二(er)級(ji)(ji)生化處理出(chu)水(shui)經過混凝沉淀和過濾(lv)等深度處理,消毒后就可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到回(hui)(hui)用(yong)要(yao)求。隨(sui)著回(hui)(hui)用(yong)要(yao)求的提(ti)高,對于生物(wu)活(huo)性炭(tan)技術(shu)、

膜生物反應(ying)器、膜技(ji)術等深度處理技(ji)術也正逐步為(wei)人們所重視。

2.1.1 生物活性炭技術

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性炭是(shi)一種去除(chu)微(wei)量(liang)有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)方法,其實質是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解與(yu)炭的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)吸(xi)附兩者的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)調作用。王(wang)占生(sheng)等(deng)以生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性炭 理(li)論 為(wei)基礎,選用廉價的(de)(de)(de)多孔性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質或惰性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(比如陶粒或爐渣等(deng))來代替活(huo)性炭的(de)(de)(de)一種新(xin)型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)———顆(ke)粒填(tian)料生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸氧化法,在城市污(wu)水(shui)深度處(chu)理(li)中已(yi)經得到了成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de) 應用 [6 ] 。應用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性炭工(gong)藝(yi)處(chu)理(li)小區生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)二級出水(shui),可以使最終(zhong)出水(shui)COD 降(jiang)至(zhi)30 mg/ L 左右,BOD、SS、色度等(deng)也可達到回用要求。與(yu)傳統的(de)(de)(de)混凝、澄清、過濾工(gong)藝(yi)相比,該工(gong)藝(yi)工(gong)程投資略高,但運行費(fei)用較低[6 ] 。

2.1.2 膜(mo)技術(shu)

膜(mo)(mo)技術(shu)主要是指(zhi)納濾、超濾、滲透以及(ji)反滲透等膜(mo)(mo)分離技術(shu)。小區生活污水經(jing)二級處理(li)出(chu)水, 經(jing)反滲透(RO) 等膜(mo)(mo)技術(shu)深度處理(li),其出(chu)水可作為工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)水或生活用(yong)(yong)水[8 ] 。不過,由(you)于膜(mo)(mo)技術(shu)的成本很高,且運行(xing)管理(li)比(bi)較麻煩, 目前 在國內的應用(yong)(yong)不是很廣。

2.1.3 膜生(sheng)物反應器(MBR)

MBR作(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)型的污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)技術,在(zai)(zai)小(xiao)區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方面(mian)具(ju)有(you)很好(hao)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)前景。MBR 集(ji)生物(wu)反應(ying)器的生物(wu)降解作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和膜的高(gao)效分(fen)離(li)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于一(yi)(yi)體,具(ju)有(you)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)好(hao)、處(chu)理負荷高(gao)、裝置占地(di)面(mian)積小(xiao)、產泥量少、易于實現自動控制(zhi)等(deng)優點[3 ,13 ] 。其出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)消毒后可直(zhi)接回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),甚至可回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。MBR 在(zai)(zai)發達國家的污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工業(ye)中已經(jing)得(de)到了很好(hao)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但(dan)是膜本身成(cheng)本高(gao),操作(zuo)系統復雜以及(ji)運行成(cheng)本較高(gao),阻礙了其在(zai)(zai)小(xiao)區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)理中的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)[11 ] 。

3 小區生活污水回用技術的思考

小(xiao)區作(zuo)為一(yi)個相對獨立的(de)生活(huo)區域,這不僅(jin)對小(xiao)區生活(huo)污水的(de)回用提出了要(yao)求,也(ye)使小(xiao)區生活(huo)污水回用技術在推廣(guang)和運行(xing)中面臨著一(yi)系列(lie)需要(yao)思考的(de) 問題 。

3.1.1 回用技術的可靠性

 小區生活(huo)污水回用技術(shu)通過多年的 研究 與 發(fa)展(zhan) ,本身(shen)已經逐步(bu)完備。小區生活(huo)污水回用的去向

主要是生(sheng)活(huo)雜用水(shui)等,水(shui)質及其穩定(ding)性要求高,因此,在實際工程設計時(shi),必須根據小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)水(shui)質、水(shui)量(liang)以及小區(qu)(qu)功能和環(huan)境(jing)要求,選擇合理、可靠(kao)的處(chu)理工藝;并(bing)要考慮(lv)能長期安全可靠(kao)地運(yun)行(xing)。

3.1.2 回用(yong)設(she)施的智能化管理

小區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)回用(yong)設施(shi)(shi)處(chu)理(li)規(gui)模較(jiao)小,一(yi)般都是兼職管理(li),因此,在(zai)設計時必須(xu)考慮到智能化管理(li),如采用(yong)PLC 自(zi)控(kong)等。小區(qu)回用(yong)設施(shi)(shi)采用(yong)PLC 自(zi)控(kong)等智能化管理(li),不僅可以保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)處(chu)理(li)設施(shi)(shi)穩定、可靠(kao)地運行,保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)出水(shui)水(shui)質的(de)安全,而(er)且(qie)還促(cu)進(jin)了SBR 和(he)A2 / O 等對控(kong)制系統要求(qiu)比(bi)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)先(xian)進(jin)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)小區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)回用(yong)中的(de)進(jin)一(yi)步推(tui)廣 應用(yong) 。

3.1.3 回用(yong)水的安全(quan)性(xing)

小區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)的去向(xiang)主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)和(he)非接觸觀賞性景(jing)(jing)觀用(yong)(yong)水(shui)等(deng),因此,必須(xu)盡量減少可能有毒(du)或者(zhe)有害(hai)非生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)進入小區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)站(zhan),以防(fang)破壞小區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)站(zhan)的正常運行或者(zhe) 影響 出水(shui)水(shui)質;而(er)(er)且(qie)從衛生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)健康角(jiao)度考慮,還必須(xu)對(dui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)進行嚴格的消毒(du)處理(li)。另(ling)外小區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong),在作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)綠化(hua)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)時,盡量不要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)噴灌;而(er)(er)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)景(jing)(jing)觀用(yong)(yong)水(shui)時,也(ye)不宜作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)瀑布和(he)噴泉等(deng)易形成水(shui)霧的景(jing)(jing)觀用(yong)(yong)水(shui)[3 ] 。

3.1.4 回(hui)用設施(shi)的環境協調

小區(qu)(qu)是一(yi)個人(ren)員(yuan)相(xiang)對集中的獨立區(qu)(qu)域。小區(qu)(qu)生活污水(shui)回用設施在(zai)工(gong)藝(yi)選擇和(he)(he)單體構筑(zhu)物的造型設計上,必須(xu)考慮到周圍人(ren)居環境相(xiang)和(he)(he)諧、協調。因此,小區(qu)(qu)生活污水(shui)回用設施不(bu)僅要求工(gong)藝(yi)先進、運行穩定和(he)(he)管(guan)理智能,而且需對運行中的噪音和(he)(he)氣(qi)味有很好的解決方案,如(ru)景觀竹林(lin)等(deng)人(ren)工(gong)濕(shi)地(di)技術;要考慮到污泥消化(hua)處(chu)理,減少污泥的外排量。

4 結語

我(wo)國(guo)許多城市面(mian)臨著嚴峻的水(shui)資源(yuan)匱(kui)乏,小區生活污(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)作為(wei)一個切實可(ke)行的緩解(jie)水(shui)資源(yuan)和

防止污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)辦法,已經(jing)逐步為人(ren)們(men)所重視(shi)。按(an)照我國新(xin)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)及(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治技(ji)術(shu)政(zheng)策,要求(qiu)2010 年實現(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)率50 %以上,污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)率30 %以上,污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)于(yu)市(shi)政(zheng)、工農業(ye)等各個行業(ye)。而北(bei)京市(shi)在最(zui)近出臺(tai)的(de)《北(bei)京市(shi)中(zhong)水(shui)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)試行辦法》已經(jing)對(dui)小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)提(ti)出了明確的(de)要求(qiu),要求(qiu)現(xian)(xian)有(you)和新(xin)建小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)必須配建污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)設(she)施(shi)[2 ] 。小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)盡管(guan)(guan)規(gui)模比較小(xiao),且(qie)分散,對(dui)運(yun)行管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)帶來一定(ding)的(de)難度。但由于(yu)小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)就近處(chu)理(li)(li)并(bing)回(hui)用(yong),水(shui)源(yuan)穩(wen)定(ding)可靠,可減少供水(shui)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)的(de)壓(ya)力,同(tong)時也(ye)緩解(jie)了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)下水(shui)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)和污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)施(shi)的(de)壓(ya)力;且(qie)對(dui)于(yu)水(shui)資源(yuan)匱乏也(ye)有(you)一定(ding)的(de)緩解(jie)。小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)正逐步成為污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)一個重要方向。

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