我國城市污水處理和回用建設項目投資問題及相關政策
摘要： 分析(xi) 了我(wo)國城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)和(he)(he)(he)回用(yong)水現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)(he)(he)存在 問(wen)題(ti) ，并(bing)剖(pou)析(xi)了城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)和(he)(he)(he)回用(yong)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目，在投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)方(fang)面的(de)(de)主要問(wen)題(ti)有：城(cheng)市(shi)排水投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)比重與國外比差距仍很大，工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設造價(jia)越(yue)來越(yue)高;投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)利用(yong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況不盡(jin)合理(li);資(zi)(zi)(zi)金籌措比較困(kun)難。提(ti)出了解(jie)決這(zhe)些問(wen)題(ti)所應(ying)采(cai)取的(de)(de)對策：重視建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目的(de)(de)前(qian)期工(gong)作;盡(jin)快建(jian)(jian)立 科學 的(de)(de)收(shou)費機制;拓(tuo)寬投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)渠道;同(tong)時建(jian)(jian)議污(wu)(wu)水收(shou)集系統先(xian)行;城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水回用(yong)規(gui)劃應(ying)納入有關規(gui)劃;制定有關技(ji)術政(zheng)策和(he)(he)(he)標準，重點解(jie)決回用(yong)水的(de)(de)用(yong)戶;重視污(wu)(wu)水回用(yong)的(de)(de)安全，號召公眾(zhong)積極參與。
關鍵詞(ci)：回用(yong)水(shui) 投資問題 污水(shui)回用(yong)
Abstract: The status and problems of urban sewage treatment and reuse in China is analyzed. Main problems in Investment of Urban Sewage Treatment and Reuse Construction Project are as follow: the investment proportion of urban drainage in GNP in China is far less than overseas, project construction cost become higher and higher, the status of investment is not reasonable, capital raised is very difficult. The countermeasure for solving the problems is presented. Pay more attention to the appraisal work for the construction project. Establish the scientific tariff system as soon as possible. Broaden the investment channels. The drainage system should be built ahead of the Wastewater treatment plant. Urban treated wastewater reuse plan must be set in the context of urban overall plan and river basin plan. Develop the standards and technical policy for treated wastewater reuse. Pay more attention to the security for reusing the treated wastewater and need the public to participate in the wastewater reuse action.
隨著城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)的加快和(he) 經濟(ji)(ji) 建(jian)設的 發(fa)展(zhan) ，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污水(shui)(shui)排放量(liang)迅速(su)增長，大量(liang)未經處理的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污水(shui)(shui)任意排放，不(bu)僅(jin)造成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)環境的污染，更加劇了水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的緊張，同時制約(yue)了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)經濟(ji)(ji)的發(fa)展(zhan)，危(wei)害人(ren)民身體健康。而經過凈(jing)化(hua)的污水(shui)(shui)可以(yi)作為一種再(zai)生的水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)，具(ju)有量(liang)大、集中、水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)和(he)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)都較穩定(ding)的特點，能夠用于農(nong)業、 工業 和(he)市(shi)(shi)政用水(shui)(shui)，不(bu)僅(jin)可以(yi)緩解城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的供需矛盾，而且(qie)還可減(jian)少對(dui)水(shui)(shui)環境的污染。
到(dao)2000年城市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中處理(li)(li)率(lv)為17%。國務院2000年36號文提出，2010年所(suo)有城市的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)率(lv)應達到(dao)60%，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)需要大量投資(zi)(zi)。隨著(zhu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)率(lv)的(de)提高，大量處理(li)(li)后的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)以作(zuo)為回用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)也需要大量的(de)投入。但由(you)于整個價格體(ti)系尚不合理(li)(li)，投資(zi)(zi)和運(yun)行費用(yong)較難落(luo)實。當前城市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)和回用(yong)建設項目的(de)實施，其主(zhu)要制約條件(jian)是投資(zi)(zi)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。拓寬資(zi)(zi)金渠道，合理(li)(li)利用(yong)資(zi)(zi)金，保(bao)障運(yun)營經費，是需要盡快解決(jue)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。
一、城市污水處理和回(hui)用(yong)水現(xian)狀與問(wen)題
隨著經濟建設和城市化的(de)快速(su)發(fa)展，城市污(wu)水排放量增長很快。根據建設部2000年統計(ji)資(zi)料，全國(guo)城市污(wu)水的(de)有關(guan)情況見表一。
| 項目 | 全 社會 | 市政系統內 |
| 排水管道長度(km) | 141758 | 103246 |
| 污水年排放量 (108m3/d) | 331.8 | 206.5 |
| 污水廠（個） | 427 | 230 |
| 二級生物污水廠（個） | 282 | 170 |
| 處理能力(萬m3/d) | 2160 | 1720 |
| 生物處理能力(萬m3/d) | 1470 | 1330 |
| 污水處理率 (%) | 34.22 | 17.07 |
上(shang)述數據表明，城(cheng)市排(pai)水(shui)管道的普及率和污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理率還很低，大(da)量污(wu)水(shui)未經(jing)處(chu)理直接(jie)排(pai)放，使大(da)部(bu)分水(shui)資源已(yi)受到不同程度(du)污(wu)染(ran)，城(cheng)市附近水(shui)域已(yi)遭受嚴重污(wu)染(ran)。根(gen)據國家(jia)環(huan)保(bao)總局統計(ji)，流(liu)經(jing)城(cheng)市的136條河流(liu)中，Ⅳ類水(shui)質以下的有105條，不少(shao)城(cheng)市周(zhou)圍的河流(liu)已(yi)基本(ben)成為(wei)納污(wu)河道。
城(cheng)市污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de) 研究 早在(zai)"七五"，已展開，"八五"在(zai)大連、太(tai)原、天(tian)津和(he)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)等地(di)(di)建立了9套(tao)試驗基地(di)(di)。通過系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產性和(he)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)研究，提供(gong)了城(cheng)市污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、冷(leng)卻(que)、化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、石(shi)化(hua)和(he)鋼(gang)(gang)鐵工(gong)(gong)(gong)業和(he)市政(zheng)景觀等不(bu)同用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術規范(fan)和(he)相關水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質標準。大連春(chun)柳河回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)統深度(du)處理(li)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業，經多年運行用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)反應良好。太(tai)原北(bei)(bei)郊回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)太(tai)原鋼(gang)(gang)廠(chang)直流高爐冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)高碑(bei)店和(he)天(tian)津東(dong)郊污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)分別將1和(he)0.4萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經深度(du)處理(li)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)廠(chang)內沖洗濾布、綠化(hua)及雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等。天(tian)津還有一個120m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站，經微(wei)濾膜處理(li)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)沖洗汽車。山東(dong)棗莊和(he)泰(tai)安分別建成(cheng)3和(he)2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。河北(bei)(bei)邯鄲建成(cheng)6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)電廠(chang)冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。最近北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)高碑(bei)店污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一期(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投產，將20萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d二(er)級處理(li)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)送到高碑(bei)店湖(hu)，作為熱電廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源，10萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d二(er)級處理(li)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)送到自(zi)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)六廠(chang)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)原有設施處理(li)后(hou)(hou)，其中5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)東(dong)郊工(gong)(gong)(gong)業區，另5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d送至南護(hu)城(cheng)河沿岸(an)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)公園、道路兩岸(an)綠地(di)(di)、澆灑道路及河湖(hu)補水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)來講，我(wo)國城(cheng)市污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)剛剛起步， 目前(qian) 運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)項目規模除北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)外(wai)均較小，在(zai)1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3/d左(zuo)右，回(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍也是局(ju)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
目(mu)(mu)前正在建設的(de)污水回(hui)用(yong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)規模有所增(zeng)大(da)(da)。國家計委在天津、大(da)(da)連(lian)、青島、西安和牡丹(dan)江五個北方缺水城(cheng)市(shi)進行污水回(hui)用(yong)示范工(gong)程情況見表二。
| 城市廠名 |
規模 (萬m3/d) |
工藝與用途 |
總投資 (萬元) |
擬收費 (元 /m3) |
|
天津 紀莊子 |
53萬m3/d | 工業用水采用傳統深度處理，2萬m3/d生活雜用水采用直接微濾膜過濾和臭氧消毒 | 11000 | 1.34 |
| 大連春柳河 | 71萬m3/d | 化工和鋼廠用水采用傳統深度處理，6萬m3/d經二級處理后直接供石化用戶 | 8900 | 1.0 |
| 青島海泊河 | 4 | 采用傳統深度處理，用于工業冷卻、鍋爐補水、綠化及生活雜用水 | 4000 | 1.15 |
| 西安北石橋 | 10 | 采用傳統深度處理，8萬m3/d用于工業冷卻水，2萬m3/d用于綠化和澆灑道路 | 9900 | 1.0 |
| 牡丹江污水廠 | 5萬 | 采用傳統深度處理，用于工業冷卻、初加工用水、澆灑道路和綠化 | 9800 | 1.1 |
其它一些(xie)城市如鞍山(shan)西(xi)部回用(yong)(yong)水工(gong)程8萬m3/d和石家莊橋西(xi)10萬m3/d利(li)用(yong)(yong)國債(zhai)正在(zai)建(jian)設。保(bao)定魯崗回用(yong)(yong)水工(gong)程4萬m3/d和西(xi)安紡織城5萬m3/d，正在(zai)做前期(qi)準備。正在(zai)建(jian)設的回用(yong)(yong)水工(gong)程規模均在(zai)5-10萬m3/d之間，處理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)傳統深度(du)處理(li)， 應用(yong)(yong) 范圍(wei)也多集中在(zai)工(gong)業冷(leng)卻(que)和工(gong)藝(yi)、城市道路和綠化、景觀水體(ti)用(yong)(yong)水，少數城市提出在(zai)居住小區沖廁用(yong)(yong)水。
城(cheng)市(shi)污水(shui)處理和回用水(shui)存(cun)在的主(zhu)要問題：
1、城市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理設(she)施(shi)(shi)仍然嚴重不足，特(te)(te)別是配套排水(shui)管(guan)網的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)滯(zhi)后。80年(nian)代(dai)以來，特(te)(te)別是"九五(wu)"，建(jian)設(she)了一大批污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠，2000年(nian)為427座(zuo)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理雖有(you)了一定進展，但從總量上(shang)講，與國(guo)(guo)外發達國(guo)(guo)家污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理設(she)施(shi)(shi)比差距仍較大，美國(guo)(guo)已(yi)建(jian)有(you)2萬(wan)余座(zuo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠，英、法、德均近萬(wan)座(zuo)，平(ping)均每萬(wan)人即擁有(you)一座(zuo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠，污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理率和污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管(guan)網的(de)(de)普(pu)及率都(dou)在90%以上(shang)(二級處(chu)(chu)理80～90%)。因此我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理設(she)施(shi)(shi)仍然嚴重不足。
城市污(wu)水處理是(shi)一(yi)項系統(tong)工程。污(wu)水收(shou)集系統(tong)必須與(yu)污(wu)水廠同步(bu)或先(xian)行建設(she)，才能(neng)達到(dao)污(wu)水治理的目的。目前城市排(pai)水管網普(pu)及(ji)率低，不(bu)適應污(wu)水處理的需要。特別是(shi)許多城市排(pai)水管網建設(she)滯后，污(wu)水廠建成后不(bu)能(neng)發揮效益。有(you)的城市污(wu)水廠建設(she)規模遠大于目前需要，造成資(zi)金和資(zi)源的浪(lang)費(fei)。
2、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)運營(ying)經(jing)費(fei)得(de)不(bu)到保證(zheng)。過去城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)運營(ying)經(jing)費(fei)由(you)政府財政撥款解決。1993年有(you)關部門頒布了"征收城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設(she)施使用費(fei)"的規定，但各城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)征收的收費(fei)標(biao)準較低(di)，一般在0.20-0.3元(yuan)/m3 的范圍內(nei)(少數(shu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)提高到0.6元(yuan)/m3左右)。而實際城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)成(cheng)本要高出很(hen)多，包括折舊和還貸(dai)一般在1元(yuan)/m3左右。由(you)于運營(ying)經(jing)費(fei)的不(bu)足，有(you)時不(bu)得(de)已降低(di)污水(shui)廠的處(chu)(chu)理(li)負荷。
3、城(cheng)市(shi)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)設施管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不統一(yi)。我國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)比較(jiao)(jiao)落后，城(cheng)市(shi)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)屬不同的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門，在城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中，城(cheng)市(shi)工業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)監測由環保部(bu)(bu)門管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)由城(cheng)建部(bu)(bu)門管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，特別是有的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網和(he)(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)也(ye)分(fen)屬不同的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門，加上(shang)回(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)涉及水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、衛生和(he)(he)農業(ye)等部(bu)(bu)門，給(gei)城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帶(dai)來一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)困難。國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)發達國(guo)(guo)家均實施水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，使城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)達到預(yu)期(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)順利。
4、供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收費價(jia)(jia)格(ge)比(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理(li)，落實(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)比(bi)較困(kun)難。在缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地區，利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)理(li)后的(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是合(he)理(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)途徑。如北(bei)京2010平水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)年(75%)的(de)(de)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)22億(yi)(yi)m3，供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)15億(yi)(yi)m3，而2010年城(cheng)市(shi)二級處(chu)理(li)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)可達12億(yi)(yi)m3，如60%污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，就可解決水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)矛盾(dun)。但由于利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)比(bi)例不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理(li)，目前(qian)大部分城(cheng)市(shi)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)比(bi)較低，均在1-1.5元(yuan)左右，而要(yao)使回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)報，回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)也(ye)在1元(yuan)以上，國(guo)外如澳大利(li)(li)亞的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)為供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)0.75左右。同時由于管理(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)統一，宣(xuan)傳不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，加上公眾對污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)安全性認識不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以及沒有配套的(de)(de)政策法(fa)規，落實(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)比(bi)較困(kun)難。一些城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)項(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)成后，回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能力不(bu)(bu)(bu)能發揮。目前(qian)正在建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工程均未與用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)簽訂協(xie)議(yi)書。新建(jian)(jian)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)項(xiang)目需要(yao)投資(zi)較大，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)化的(de)(de)全面推廣難度很大。
二、城市污水(shui)處理和回用建設項目(mu)投(tou)資狀(zhuang)況(kuang)與 問題(ti)
隨著工作重(zhong)點轉移(yi)到 經濟 建設(she)上，城市排(pai)水投資比重(zhong)逐(zhu)步(bu)加大
| 年度 | 城市排水投資（億元） | GNP（億元） | 城市排水投資占GNP（%） |
| 1953～1957 | 2.17 | 7247 | 0.030 |
| 1958～1962 | 2.09 | 11161 | 0.019 |
| 1963 | 0.19 | 1958 | 0.010 |
| 1973～1975 | 0.85 | 15014 | 0.006 |
| 1976～1980 | 4.17 | 34455 | 0.012 |
| 1981～1985 | 12.16 | 59913 | 0.020 |
| 1987～1990 | 19.94 | 58841 | 0.034 |
| 1991～1995 | 160.28 | 120151 | 0.133 |
到“九(jiu)五(wu)”，國(guo)務院采取(qu)了加大基礎建(jian)設投資(zi)(zi)的政(zheng)策，污水(shui)處理(li)項目利用大量的國(guo)債資(zi)(zi)金，僅(jin)三(san)河三(san)湖，污水(shui)處理(li)建(jian)設的總投資(zi)(zi)達(da)159.7億元，相(xiang)當于"八五(wu)"整個國(guo)家(jia)在排水(shui)工程(cheng)上的投資(zi)(zi)。但與發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)相(xiang)比，還有很大差距(見表四)：
| 國家 | 70年代排水投資占GNP（%） | 80年代占GNP（%） |
| 美國 | 0.29 | 0.80 |
| 英國 | ～ | 0.50 |
| 聯邦德國 | 0.32 | 0.88 |
| 法國 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| 日本 | 0.55 | 0.75 |
我國在城(cheng)市污水處(chu)理和回(hui)用建設投資方面的主(zhu)要問題有：
1、工程建設(she)造價(jia)越來越高
城市污水(shui)建設項目的工程造(zao)價從(cong)80年代(dai)中期(qi)(qi)至90年代(dai)中期(qi)(qi)，增幅相當(dang)大(da)。
| 類型 | 1987年 | 1994年 |
| 污水管道（5 ～10萬m3/d） 元/m3/d/km | 10～14 | 42～55 |
| 污水廠5～10萬m3/d 一級處理）元/ m3/d | 130～150 | 850～1000 |
| 污水廠（5～10萬m3/d 二級包括污泥處理）元/ m3/d | 300～400 | 1650～1900 |
由(you)(you)表五可以看出：工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價由(you)(you)1987年至1994年(與(yu) 目(mu)(mu)前 基本(ben)持(chi)平)就增(zeng)長了4倍左右。工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價增(zeng)幅(fu)大(da)是(shi)多因素的，物價上(shang)漲是(shi)主要因素，其次間接(jie)(jie)費(fei)用(yong)也提(ti)高(gao)很多，尤其征地和拆(chai)遷(qian)費(fei)用(yong)大(da)幅(fu)度(du)(du)增(zeng)加，有的項目(mu)(mu)間接(jie)(jie)費(fei)用(yong)達(da)工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的30～40%，另(ling)外(wai)部(bu)分(fen)污水處(chu)理(li)建設項目(mu)(mu)利用(yong)了國外(wai)貸款(kuan)，要購買昂(ang)貴的進口設備和承擔匯(hui)率(lv)風(feng)險，都(dou)使工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價提(ti)高(gao)。如(ru)在(zai)污水處(chu)理(li)中建設回用(yong)水工程(cheng)，按照傳統(tong)的深度(du)(du)處(chu)理(li)方案建設，綜合造(zao)(zao)價指標(biao)在(zai)650-800元/m3/d，工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價進一步提(ti)高(gao)。
2、資(zi)金籌措困難
根據2000年國(guo)務院(yuan)36號文，如(ru)到(dao)(dao)2010年城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)排水(shui)管道普及率(lv)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)別達(da)到(dao)(dao)90%和(he)(he)60%時，由于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)排放(fang)總(zong)量為464億(yi)(yi)m3，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)二級處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)將(jiang)增加6157萬m3/d，預(yu)計建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目的(de)(de)總(zong)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)約需2000億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(現(xian)價)。在(zai)三(san)(san)河三(san)(san)湖“十(shi)(shi)五”規(gui)劃中，將(jiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設439個污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)項目，總(zong)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力2288萬m3/d，總(zong)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)579.5億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。在(zai)經過二級處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)中，如(ru)10%的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)進(jin)(jin)行回(hui)用(yong)(yong)，僅回(hui)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)就達(da)61億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。在(zai)“三(san)(san)河三(san)(san)湖十(shi)(shi)五”規(gui)劃中，將(jiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設84個回(hui)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)項目，規(gui)模262萬m3/d，投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)21億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。根據以上預(yu)測和(he)(he)規(gui)劃結果，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)來源(yuan)和(he)(he)籌措問題是一(yi)個十(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)突出(chu)的(de)(de)難題，將(jiang)直接 影(ying)響 到(dao)(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)目標的(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)程(cheng)度。過去這方(fang)面的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設資(zi)(zi)(zi)金來源(yuan)主(zhu)要是從(cong)各地(di)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)維護建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設稅(shui)收入(ru)中解(jie)決(jue)。但城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)維護建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設稅(shui)收入(ru)有限，分(fen)(fen)配給城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)項目的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)更少。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目利用(yong)(yong)國(guo)外貸款和(he)(he)國(guo)債(zhai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金進(jin)(jin)行建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設，不是長久之(zhi)計。
3、投資利用狀況不盡合理
最近，城(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)和回用(yong)(yong)問(wen)題(ti)已引起高度重視，但(dan)有些城(cheng)市對建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)前期工(gong)作重視不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，可行性 研究 不(bu)(bu)(bu)深入，在沒有認真進行全面規劃和技(ji)術經濟論證的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，依據局部理(li)由提出要(yao)建設(she)(she)一步(bu)到位和標(biao)(biao)準過高的(de)(de)建設(she)(she) 內容 ，使投資不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)合理(li)利用(yong)(yong)。如(ru)在利用(yong)(yong)國(guo)債建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)，有的(de)(de)城(cheng)市在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網還很不(bu)(bu)(bu)完善的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，就建設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準較高的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠;在利用(yong)(yong)國(guo)外貸款項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)，有的(de)(de)城(cheng)市不(bu)(bu)(bu)從實(shi)際情況(kuang)出發(fa)(fa)，選用(yong)(yong)處理(li)標(biao)(biao)準較高的(de)(de)工(gong)藝，建成(cheng)后其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)到充分發(fa)(fa)揮。
三、城市污(wu)水處理和回用(yong)建設項目投(tou)資(zi)及相關(guan)政策建議(yi)
城(cheng)市污(wu)水處(chu)理和回用是一項(xiang)艱巨的任務。近(jin)期有關污(wu)水處(chu)理和回用建(jian)設項(xiang)目投資及(ji)相關政策(ce)的建(jian)議如下：
1、重視污水處理和回用建設項目的前期工作
建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)前(qian)期工作(zuo)是項(xiang)(xiang)目實施(shi)的(de)(de)基礎，而(er)可(ke)行性研究(jiu)是前(qian)期工作(zuo)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分，是合理(li)利用投資(zi)(zi)和控制投資(zi)(zi)額度的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)環節。為(wei)使污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)和回用建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目符合技(ji)術(shu)合理(li)、經(jing)濟合算(suan)、運行可(ke)靠的(de)(de)要(yao)求，達到投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)預期效益，要(yao)重視建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)前(qian)期工作(zuo)。鑒于城(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)和回用建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目日(ri)益增(zeng)多(duo)，在我(wo)國對此(ci)類項(xiang)(xiang)目還缺乏足(zu)夠的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，應加(jia)強建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)可(ke)行性研究(jiu)。使可(ke)研報告(gao)真正起到控制項(xiang)(xiang)目建設(she)(she)規模、內容、標準(zhun)、投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。同(tong)時應嚴格建設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目可(ke)研報告(gao)的(de)(de)評估和審批，提高投資(zi)(zi)效益。
2、盡快建立 科(ke)學 的城市用水(shui)和污(wu)水(shui)處理收(shou)費機制
建立科(ke)學的(de)城市用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)收(shou)費(fei)(fei)制度(du)是(shi) 發展(zhan) 城市水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui) 工業(ye) 的(de)重要保證。城市供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)成本由于物價(jia)、污(wu)(wu)染凈化(hua)和(he)遠(yuan)距離取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)而(er)不(bu)斷提(ti)高(gao)，但(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)增幅跟不(bu)上成本的(de)提(ti)高(gao)。合理(li)的(de)調整供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)格(ge)，同時(shi)考慮與回用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)比價(jia)，可以(yi)促(cu)進節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工作。排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)收(shou)費(fei)(fei)制度(du)雖已(yi)實施(shi)幾年(nian)，但(dan)大多數城市收(shou)費(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)很(hen)低，僅為供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)費(fei)(fei)的(de)30%左(zuo)右。國外(wai)城市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)收(shou)費(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)與供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)費(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)相當，有的(de)城市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)甚至高(gao)出供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)。城市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)費(fei)(fei)的(de)收(shou)取是(shi)管理(li)城市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)的(de)一項(xiang)有效措施(shi)。利(li)用(yong)價(jia)格(ge)政策可調節合理(li)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需求，消減排污(wu)(wu)量。
根據(ju)2000年國務(wu)院36號文，2010年污(wu)水(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)處(chu)理率達到60% 計(ji)算 ，粗略估計(ji)年運營(ying)(ying)費(fei)約需(xu)120億元(yuan)(yuan)(現價(jia))。上(shang)述數字表明(ming)，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理運營(ying)(ying)經費(fei)問題比(bi)較(jiao)突出，需(xu)認真研究解決。同時隨(sui)著大(da)量污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用工程的(de)建成，運營(ying)(ying)費(fei)用還要增(zeng)加，到2010年需(xu)16.7億元(yuan)(yuan)。合理的(de)制定回(hui)用水(shui)(shui)的(de)收費(fei)機制，是回(hui)用水(shui)(shui)項(xiang)目正常運營(ying)(ying)的(de)關鍵。
3、拓寬城市污水建(jian)設項(xiang)目投資(zi)渠道
要(yao)加(jia)快城(cheng)市污水處理(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設必須多方面籌(chou)集資(zi)(zi)金(jin)。現階段應進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)深化投資(zi)(zi)體制改革(ge)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立由財政投入、市場補(bu)償、有(you)償使用(yong)、合理(li)計(ji)價的(de)(de)多層次、多元(yuan)化的(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)渠道。1)地方自籌(chou)。除在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設維(wei)護稅中(zhong)拿(na)出一(yi)部分資(zi)(zi)金(jin)進(jin)行建(jian)(jian)(jian)設外，對(dui)新增污水和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)水收(shou)取建(jian)(jian)(jian)設增容費(fei);還可(ke)(ke)利用(yong) 社會 集資(zi)(zi);回(hui)用(yong)水在(zai)(zai)價格問題(ti)解決后(hou)可(ke)(ke)吸引民間資(zi)(zi)金(jin)。2)國(guo)(guo)家貸款或專項(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)情況下(xia)，國(guo)(guo)家投資(zi)(zi)仍然是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設城(cheng)市污水處理(li)和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)來源，國(guo)(guo)家可(ke)(ke)給(gei)予一(yi)定比例的(de)(de)低(di)息(xi)或貼息(xi)貸款;對(dui)于涉(she)及區域水污染防治的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，國(guo)(guo)家應從專項(xiang)基金(jin)中(zhong)給(gei)予資(zi)(zi)助;對(dui)于回(hui)用(yong)水工程還可(ke)(ke)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立國(guo)(guo)家專項(xiang)節(jie)水基金(jin)，發行債券等來鼓勵(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設節(jie)水和(he)(he)回(hui)用(yong)設施。3)繼續利用(yong)國(guo)(guo)外貸款。近期(qi)仍是(shi)一(yi)種籌(chou)措資(zi)(zi)金(jin)的(de)(de)辦法。4)BOT是(shi)解決建(jian)(jian)(jian)設資(zi)(zi)金(jin)不足的(de)(de)一(yi)種有(you)效途徑。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)國(guo)(guo)內在(zai)(zai)污水處理(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)上已有(you)實(shi)例，但都在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)。國(guo)(guo)家應逐步(bu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立相應的(de)(de)法規。
4、污水收集系統先行(xing)、污水集中和分散處理相(xiang)結合、污水處理和回用相(xiang)結合
城市(shi)(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)和污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)應進(jin)行配套建(jian)設(she)。近期應首先(xian)完(wan)善城市(shi)(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)，在此基礎(chu)上提(ti)高城市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)率(lv);城市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)應以滿足現有污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為主，處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)程度應根據不同接納水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域的要求(qiu)(qiu)確(que)定(ding)，并留(liu)有進(jin)一步(bu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)的余地;對(dui)城市(shi)(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)服(fu)務(wu)區內(nei)的污(wu)(wu)、廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，要求(qiu)(qiu)在達到允許排入(ru)城市(shi)(shi)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道標準后納入(ru)城市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)相對(dui)集(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，而對(dui)服(fu)務(wu)區之(zhi)外的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)則宜(yi)分(fen)散處(chu)理(li)(li)(li);在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)建(jian)設(she)時(shi)，應重點(dian)考慮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的出路問題，其中(zhong)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的回用(yong)問題對(dui)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)的廠(chang)址和工藝影響較大(da)。
5、城市污水回用規劃(hua)(hua)應納(na)入城市總體(水)規劃(hua)(hua)和(he)流(liu)域水資源規劃(hua)(hua)
由于城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理分屬不同的(de)部(bu)(bu)門，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)規(gui)劃和(he)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(包(bao)括回用(yong))規(gui)劃分別由不同的(de)部(bu)(bu)門制(zhi)定，因此首先應(ying)在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內合并有關部(bu)(bu)門，建(jian)立城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)統一(yi)(yi)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門，統一(yi)(yi)規(gui)劃城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);同時城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)規(gui)劃應(ying)滿足流(liu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源的(de)配置，流(liu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源管(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門應(ying)實施用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)許可證制(zhi)度，使城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟可持續(xu)發展(zhan)。
6、完(wan)善和制定有關技術政策和標(biao)準，積極鼓勵城市污水回用(yong)(yong)，重點解(jie)決(jue)回用(yong)(yong)水的用(yong)(yong)戶問題
由于(yu)各(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)對污水回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大規(gui)模 應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 尚屬首次，不同的(de)(de)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)又(you)沒有(you)技術(shu)標準，制約(yue)了(le)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu);另外國(guo)家(jia)尚無統一的(de)(de)技術(shu)政(zheng)策(ce)，各(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)首先投(tou)入(ru)精力制定各(ge)自的(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)，而不是根據有(you)關政(zheng)策(ce)落(luo)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，建設回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水工程。實現城(cheng)市(shi)污水回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)關鍵在(zai)于(yu)解(jie)決回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)問題，以用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水大用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)為主(zhu)要(yao)服務(wu)對象實現污水回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是我國(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)污水回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)發展(zhan)方向。分散小(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)污水回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)只能作為一種途(tu)徑，因地(di)制宜地(di)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
7、重視污(wu)水回用的安全(quan)問(wen)題(ti)，號召公眾(zhong)積極參與(yu)
在回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)經處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)城市(shi)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時，應注意(yi)其(qi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)，對可能與人體(ti)(ti)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)必須給予充分重視(shi)，不(bu)同用(yong)(yong)(yong)途的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)應采用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)工藝(yi)。對于(yu)接(jie)入居民(min)住戶(hu)的(de)(de)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管線(xian)，可能存(cun)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)擅自(zi)改動管道，將其(qi)與自(zi)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)串接(jie)，也(ye)可能誤(wu)將回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)直接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)生活用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，或(huo)因管理(li)體(ti)(ti)制不(bu)健全(quan)(quan)，一(yi)些人對回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進行不(bu)法(fa)(fa)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)而危害他人健康。因此，回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管線(xian)必須有明(ming)顯標識(shi)，并制定相(xiang)應的(de)(de)施工、改接(jie)管理(li)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)，對與人體(ti)(ti)有直接(jie)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，衛生防(fang)疫部(bu)門應制定有關辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)。同時要通過各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)媒(mei)體(ti)(ti)宣傳回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)積(ji)極意(yi)義，號召公眾積(ji)極參與，提高(gao)人們對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源危機的(de)(de)認識(shi)，加強公民(min)的(de)(de)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)意(yi)識(shi)。
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