文章綜述了水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)物理(li)化(hua)學處(chu)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和生物處(chu)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，以(yi)及水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)的(de)(de)循環利用(yong)工藝(yi)流程和生物工程在水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)處(chu)理(li)中的(de)(de)應用(yong)。并展望隨著世界性水資源短(duan)缺(que)環境污(wu)染的(de)(de)日趨嚴重，養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)廢水的(de)(de)綜合(he)利用(yong)與無害化(hua)排(pai)放技(ji)(ji)術(shu)具(ju)有極大的(de)(de)研(yan)究開發價值(zhi)和廣泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)前景。

1　引　言

近20年來(lai)，集(ji)約(yue)化水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)養(yang)殖業在國內外迅速發展。世界水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)量在1996年達到112億t，其中25%為(wei)人工(gong)養(yang)殖。在此條件下，養(yang)殖過程中投放的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料(liao)所含的(de)(de)(de)氮、磷大約(yue)只有9.1%和(he)17.4%被魚同化，其殘剩飼(si)(si)料(liao)和(he)魚類排泄物(wu)(wu)(wu)形成的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)、沉積物(wu)(wu)(wu)等造成嚴重污染(ran)，引起淺水(shui)(shui)(shui)湖泊的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)化，造成局部海域(yu)發生赤潮(chao);水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)養(yang)殖中使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)類化學藥品和(he)抗生素的(de)(de)(de)殘留物(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)污染(ran)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)環境，使(shi)一些生物(wu)(wu)(wu)棲息(xi)地遭到破壞，干(gan)擾了野生種群的(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)衍和(he)生存，使(shi)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)多樣性減少(shao);同時水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)污染(ran)反過來(lai)制約(yue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)養(yang)殖的(de)(de)(de)發展，因此，水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)養(yang)殖廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)處理和(he)循(xun)環利用(yong)逐(zhu)漸受到關注。

2　水產養殖(zhi)廢水物理化學處理技術

2.1　機械(xie)過(guo)濾

過(guo)濾(lv)裝置是(shi)從傳統(tong)的(de)(de)砂(sha)濾(lv)池(chi)不(bu)(bu)斷發展起(qi)來的(de)(de)，其基本原理(li)是(shi)阻隔吸(xi)附作用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)處理(li)水(shui)產養(yang)殖水(shui)體中，用(yong)砂(sha)濾(lv)池(chi)能很好地去(qu)(qu)除SS，但是(shi)去(qu)(qu)除N和P效果不(bu)(bu)佳;改用(yong)斜發沸(fei)石(shi)去(qu)(qu)可(ke)以吸(xi)附一定量的(de)(de)氨。Palacios等[8]在(zai)(zai)砂(sha)濾(lv)床(chuang)種植(zhi)植(zhi)物(wu)，控制滲透率和干濕循(xun)環時(shi)間，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)力(li)負(fu)荷(he)為(wei)3.5cm/d，去(qu)(qu)除93%總磷;在(zai)(zai)處理(li)鮭魚養(yang)殖廢(fei)水(shui)中，其水(shui)力(li)負(fu)荷(he)分(fen)別為(wei)1.35、25、80～240和2000～2700cm/d，SS去(qu)(qu)除效果差異性不(bu)(bu)大。對于(yu)機械過(guo)濾(lv)裝置，美國開(kai)發的(de)(de)一種筒(tong)狀的(de)(de)，筒(tong)體四周附有，筒(tong)體置于(yu)水(shui)中工作時(shi)，部分(fen)浸沒在(zai)(zai)水(shui)中，廢(fei)水(shui)從開(kai)口端流入筒(tong)內，污(wu)物(wu)被(bei)留在(zai)(zai)網上(shang)，過(guo)濾(lv)過(guo)的(de)(de)水(shui)又回流到池(chi)中，而污(wu)物(wu)被(bei)噴頭沖到漏斗內而排出。

瑞典一(yi)種(zhong)高度為3140～4725mm，直徑(jing)900～1910mm的在(zai)工(gong)作時，污(wu)(wu)水由裝置(zhi)的下(xia)(xia)部(bu)經(jing)過(guo)中心(xin)管(guan)和吸附污(wu)(wu)物(wu)的砂(sha)混合在(zai)一(yi)起，由升(sheng)液器(qi)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)到裝置(zhi)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)，在(zai)此分離(li)，污(wu)(wu)物(wu)清除后(hou)，經(jing)管(guan)道(dao)流入，沙子靠(kao)錐(zhui)形分解器(qi)的作用均勻降(jiang)下(xia)(xia)，上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)的水和下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)的沙相遇，這樣，水被凈化(hua)后(hou)從另一(yi)根管(guan)道(dao)放回到魚池。日本有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)，其工(gong)作原理是水泵將池水吸上(shang)(shang)后(hou)，經(jing)噴(pen)灑(sa)管(guan)噴(pen)入過(guo)濾(lv)池，過(guo)濾(lv)池內一(yi)層小顆粒沸(fei)石和一(yi)個特制，過(guo)濾(lv)后(hou)的水流回養魚池。

2.2　臭氧

臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)凈化(hua)(hua)原理在于它在水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)還原電位為2.07V，高于氯(1.36V)和(he)二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)氯(1.5V)。它能(neng)(neng)夠破壞和(he)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)(jie)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)壁(膜(mo))，迅速擴散滲入(ru)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)內，從而殺死(si)病原菌。臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間物(wu)(wu)質羥基自由基(·OH)，具有很強的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)性，可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)般氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)劑難(nan)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)有機物(wu)(wu)。因此，用臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)處理廢(fei)水(shui)，既能(neng)(neng)夠迅速滅(mie)除細(xi)(xi)菌、病毒和(he)氨等(deng)有害物(wu)(wu)質，又能(neng)(neng)增(zeng)加(jia)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，從而達(da)(da)到凈化(hua)(hua)養殖(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。有報道，臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在魚蝦養殖(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)用效果(guo)顯著，Jack在1994～1995年(nian)進(jin)行13次臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)水(shui)處理試驗，其臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)投放量0.59mg/L，滅(mie)菌率(lv)可(ke)達(da)(da)99.12%;日本伊騰慎悟用臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)處理海(hai)水(shui)研究表明(ming)，海(hai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)99.9%各種細(xi)(xi)菌可(ke)被臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)消滅(mie)。臭(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)與生物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)池結合(he)，出水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高，回用可(ke)以(yi)提高養殖(zhi)(zhi)密度。

2.3電化學

用(yong)電化學法去(qu)除水中溶(rong)解的(de)亞(ya)硝酸(suan)鹽(yan)和氨(an)(an)(an)氮的(de)研(yan)究結果表明(ming)，亞(ya)硝酸(suan)鹽(yan)完全(quan)去(qu)除的(de)時間和能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)隨著(zhu)傳導率的(de)增加而(er)降低(di)，輸入電流(liu)(liu)最(zui)大為2A時，耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)最(zui)少，pH相(xiang)對于(yu)輸入電流(liu)(liu)和電導率來說幾乎沒有(you)影響(xiang);在(zai)酸(suan)性條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)有(you)利于(yu)亞(ya)硝酸(suan)鹽(yan)的(de)去(qu)除，堿性條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)有(you)利于(yu)氨(an)(an)(an)的(de)去(qu)除，氨(an)(an)(an)的(de)去(qu)除速(su)度低(di)于(yu)亞(ya)硝酸(suan)鹽(yan)的(de)去(qu)除速(su)度。

3　水產養殖廢(fei)水的生物處理技術

3.1　活性(xing)污(wu)泥法(fa)活性(xing)污(wu)泥法(fa)

處理(li)系統(tong)是污(wu)水(shui)生物處理(li)技術的主要技術之一，在(zai)傳統(tong)的活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)法上發展成(cheng)氧化(hua)溝、間歇式活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)法(SBR)和(he)AB法處理(li)工藝等。Meske等通過活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)法處理(li)水(shui)產(chan)養殖循環用(yong)水(shui)研究表明，NH+42N含量不(bu)能達(da)到回用(yong)的要求;Umble等在(zai)水(shui)產(chan)養殖排水(shui)溝渠中用(yong)接近SBR的操作方式進行好(hao)氧厭氧處理(li)，效果(guo)良(liang)好(hao);Nugual等用(yong)SBR法處理(li)海水(shui)養殖廢水(shui)，探討鹽(yan)度影響，結果(guo)表明，在(zai)鹽(yan)度不(bu)是很高情(qing)況下，脫氮效果(guo)良(liang)好(hao)。

3.2生物(wu)膜(mo)法

生物(wu)膜法主要有生物(wu)濾池(chi)、生物(wu)轉盤、生物(wu)接觸氧(yang)化(hua)設備和生物(wu)硫化(hua)床(chuang)等，這些技術因為其(qi)微生物(wu)的多樣(yang)化(hua)，在水產養(yang)殖廢水的封閉循環使用中(zhong)得到廣(guang)泛(fan)利用。

3.2.1　生(sheng)物濾池(chi)

在集約化養魚裝置(zhi)中配用的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池有(you)平(ping)流式(shi)、升流式(shi)和(he)降(jiang)流式(shi)[9]。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池中填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)載體，填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要有(you)碎(sui)石(shi)、卵石(shi)、焦(jiao)炭、煤渣(zha)、塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)蜂窩和(he)各種人工合(he)成(cheng)產品等(deng);生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池能連(lian)續使用，不需要更換。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池設計中很重要的(de)(de)就是填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)選擇，填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)結構(gou)和(he)表面(mian)積要有(you)利(li)于生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)和(he)有(you)機懸(xuan)浮顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)捕集。在臺灣，Yang等(deng)用一(yi)個十字(zi)交(jiao)叉的(de)(de)高孔隙率(lv)的(de)(de)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)鮑(bao)爾環(huan)，孔隙率(lv)87%)的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池，后跟(gen)一(yi)個有(you)很大(da)表面(mian)積填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(粉末焦(jiao)炭顆(ke)粒(li)，孔隙率(lv)35%)的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池，在停留(liu)時間為(wei)2.5h，SS和(he)BOD去除率(lv)分(fen)別為(wei)98.8%和(he)80.2%。

在(zai)(zai)新加坡，China等(deng)(deng)用→生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)→二沉池(chi)(chi)(chi)→生(sheng)物(wu)工(gong)藝，其中(zhong)(zhong)填料(liao)為(wei)混(hun)合纖維(表(biao)面積(ji)>1000m2/m3，孔(kong)隙(xi)率85%)，對河口大(da)面積(ji)集(ji)約(yue)化(hua)養殖水(shui)(shui)體處理后(hou)可(ke)(ke)回(hui)用。在(zai)(zai)澳大(da)利(li)亞，Abeysinghe等(deng)(deng)[17]用好氧(yang)(yang)淹(yan)沒(mei)升流式(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)去除鮭(gui)魚養殖廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)TOC和N，其中(zhong)(zhong)填料(liao)有效(xiao)表(biao)面積(ji)14.m2/m3，停留時間為(wei)4h時，去除40%的磷，氮(dan)完全硝(xiao)化(hua)和40%反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)，TOC可(ke)(ke)以降到12mg/L。曝氣(qi)(qi)后(hou)從生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出水(shui)(shui)應有足夠的溶解(jie)氧(yang)(yang)滿足回(hui)用需(xu)要，Eikebrokk利(li)用一個淹(yan)沒(mei)式(shi)的鼓風升流式(shi)的生(sheng)物(wu)，在(zai)(zai)這個生(sheng)物(wu)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)器里可(ke)(ke)以進行消化(hua)和氧(yang)(yang)的傳遞，把其放在(zai)(zai)魚塘里，使得(de)污染物(wu)減少了90%～95%，池(chi)(chi)(chi)塘的溶解(jie)氧(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)保持在(zai)(zai)5mg/L。另外(wai)可(ke)(ke)通過(guo)控制(zhi)溶解(jie)氧(yang)(yang)進行生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的硝(xiao)化(hua)和反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)作用，Sauthier等(deng)(deng)用池(chi)(chi)(chi)塘(曝氣(qi)(qi))→機械濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)→紫外(wai)光消毒→淹(yan)沒(mei)式(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi))→魚塘回(hui)用，其中(zhong)(zhong)填料(liao)孔(kong)隙(xi)率>30%，氮(dan)負荷為(wei)2.4kgN/m3·d，反(fan)沖(chong)洗時間為(wei)3d。

3.2.2　生物(wu)轉盤(pan)

生(sheng)物(wu)轉盤由(you)一串固定在(zai)(zai)(zai)軸上(shang)的(de)圓盤組成(cheng)，盤片(pian)(pian)之間(jian)有一間(jian)隔，盤片(pian)(pian)一半放在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)中，另一半露出水(shui)面(mian)(mian)。水(shui)和空(kong)氣中的(de)微生(sheng)物(wu)附(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)盤片(pian)(pian)的(de)表面(mian)(mian)上(shang)，結(jie)成(cheng)一層生(sheng)物(wu)膜。轉動時，浸沒(mei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)中的(de)片(pian)(pian)露出水(shui)面(mian)(mian)，盤片(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)水(shui)因自重而沿著生(sheng)物(wu)膜表面(mian)(mian)下(xia)流，空(kong)氣中的(de)氧通過(guo)吸(xi)收(shou)、混合、擴散和滲透等作用(yong)，隨轉盤轉動而被帶(dai)入水(shui)中，使水(shui)中溶解氧增(zeng)加，水(shui)質得到(dao)凈(jing)化。

3.2.3　生(sheng)物(wu)轉筒

生物(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)是生物(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤(pan)的變型(xing)(xing)(xing)，是從20世紀70年代中(zhong)(zhong)期發(fa)展起來(lai)的，在(zai)丹麥、德(de)國發(fa)展很快。丹麥研(yan)制(zhi)了(le)單(dan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，德(de)國則發(fa)展了(le)多(duo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的填料(liao)有(you)塑料(liao)球、塑料(liao)環和波(bo)紋盤(pan)片等。有(you)些生物(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)外(wai)還(huan)設有(you)集氣裝(zhuang)置以增加水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶氧量。其典型(xing)(xing)(xing)的3種生物(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)形式為(wei)(wei):(1)外(wai)殼結構(gou)為(wei)(wei)硬聚乙(yi)烯塑料(liao)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)裝(zhuang)聚氯乙(yi)烯波(bo)紋圓盤(pan)片，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)由16只(zhi)小轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)組成，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)直徑約1.8m，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速為(wei)(wei)0.24～1.2r/min，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)耗能0.37kW;(2)筒(tong)(tong)體外(wai)殼為(wei)(wei)鋼制(zhi)，長(chang)1.57m，外(wai)殼開6個(ge)孔，每個(ge)孔長(chang)1.5m，寬(kuan)0.32m，筒(tong)(tong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)固定在(zai)軸(zhou)上硬聚乙(yi)烯波(bo)紋的盤(pan)面呈(cheng)多(duo)邊形，外(wai)接(jie)圓直徑3m，盤(pan)面總表(biao)面積(ji)(ji)120m2;(3)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)的筒(tong)(tong)體四周(zhou)裝(zhuang)有(you)小容(rong)器，當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)上轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時，小容(rong)器內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)盛(sheng)滿(man)了(le)水(shui)，向(xiang)(xiang)下轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動時，水(shui)被灑在(zai)塑料(liao)球上，空(kong)容(rong)器內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)充滿(man)空(kong)氣進(jin)入水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，凈化水(shui)的體積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)筒(tong)(tong)體積(ji)(ji)的15～25倍。

3.2.4　生物(wu)硫(liu)化床

生物(wu)(wu)硫化(hua)(hua)床是高負(fu)荷(he)的一種(zhong)生物(wu)(wu)膜法，Arbi等(deng)用(yong)好氧的硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)滴濾和缺氧反硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)硫化(hua)(hua)床相(xiang)結合(he)的反應(ying)器，懸浮(fu)在(zai)表(biao)面的富含硝(xiao)酸鹽和溶(rong)解的有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)送到硫化(hua)(hua)床，處(chu)理(li)效果良好。Jewell等(deng)在(zai)水(shui)產(chan)養殖水(shui)體循環中(zhong)利用(yong)膨脹床的硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)和反硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)作用(yong)同時，處(chu)理(li)BOD5、SS和氮(dan)，出水(shui)氨氮(dan)低于0.5mg/L。

3.3水(shui)產養(yang)殖技術的(de)自然(ran)生物處理

用自然生物處(chu)理(li)水(shui)產養殖水(shui)體主要(yao)有濕地、定塘和(he)土地處(chu)理(li)系統等，其優點是處(chu)理(li)含氮和(he)磷(lin)的水(shui)體，能達到比較徹底的處(chu)理(li)效果。

3.3.1　濕地(di)生態系(xi)統(tong)

人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能力，對(dui)氮(dan)(dan)、磷(lin)有(you)機(ji)物懸(xuan)浮(fu)物等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)除有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果，人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)凈(jing)化(hua)工農業廢水(shui)已有(you)大量研究，近年來，用(yong)(yong)人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖廢水(shui)取得一(yi)定進展。非集約化(hua)水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然水(shui)域本身(shen)是一(yi)個(ge)典型濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)系統(tong)，具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)凈(jing)能力，只要合理(li)(li)利(li)用(yong)(yong)和(he)加強其自(zi)(zi)凈(jing)能力，會有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境效(xiao)應和(he)經濟效(xiao)應;Kruzie等(deng)(deng)(deng)綜合土地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)池塘水(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)物系統(tong)進行(xing)水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖水(shui)體(ti)(ti)循(xun)環(huan)。Wood等(deng)(deng)(deng)利(li)用(yong)(yong)人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)系統(tong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水(shui)體(ti)(ti)，濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)系統(tong)中藻類密度(du)高，在地(di)(di)(di)表水(shui)利(li)負荷(he)1315cm/d時，COD的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)(lv)59.2%、NH+42N為(wei)34.6%、PO-42P-為(wei)3.19%和(he)SS為(wei)78%;如果水(shui)力停(ting)留時間在3d，則(ze)(ze)COD的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)(lv)79.4%、NH+42N為(wei)82.8%、PO3-42P為(wei)54.1%、蛋(dan)白(bai)質產(chan)率(lv)(lv)50t/hm2·a。Lin等(deng)(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖水(shui)體(ti)(ti)，在水(shui)力負荷(he)為(wei)1.8～13.5cm/d之(zhi)間，則(ze)(ze)NH+42N去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)(lv)為(wei)86%～98%，總無機(ji)氮(dan)(dan)(TIN)為(wei)95%～98%，磷(lin)的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)除為(wei)32%～71%，出(chu)水(shui)NH+42N濃(nong)度(du)<0.3mg/L，NO-22N<0.01mg/L。對(dui)于鹽(yan)度(du)高的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)體(ti)(ti)，用(yong)(yong)耐鹽(yan)性植(zhi)(zhi)物種植(zhi)(zhi)在沙性濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，可(ke)去(qu)(qu)除養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖水(shui)體(ti)(ti)中98%的(de)(de)(de)總氮(dan)(dan)、94%的(de)(de)(de)無機(ji)氮(dan)(dan)、99%的(de)(de)(de)總磷(lin)和(he)97%的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解態(tai)磷(lin)。

3.3.2　魚塘水(shui)生(sheng)生(sheng)態系統(tong)

魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塘水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統本身有(you)很強的(de)(de)凈污(wu)(wu)(wu)能力(li)(li)(li)，在水(shui)產養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)體的(de)(de)處(chu)理中完全可以利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塘對污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物的(de)(de)凈化能力(li)(li)(li)來凈化污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)。養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)體的(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)主要(yao)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)池塘的(de)(de)自(zi)凈能力(li)(li)(li)和(he)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理特性，如充氧、魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)藻共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系統、魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)白天和(he)晚上(shang)不同活動(dong)時間(jian)混養(yang)(yang)(yang)、耐(nai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)能力(li)(li)(li)不同魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)混養(yang)(yang)(yang)和(he)對魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理修正。Kirke從(cong)曝(pu)氣方面進行了研究，對魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塘采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)風力(li)(li)(li)曝(pu)氣;Logsdon從(cong)改變水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物結構著手，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)浮萍(ping)對氮(dan)和(he)磷(lin)的(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)(1km2的(de)(de)浮萍(ping)能吸(xi)收(shou)約802kg氮(dan)和(he)146kg的(de)(de)磷(lin))和(he)對重金(jin)屬的(de)(de)累積(ji)能力(li)(li)(li)處(chu)理水(shui)產養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)體。Wang用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雙殼類(lei)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)藻類(lei)，沉降法去(qu)(qu)除(chu)懸(xuan)浮物，通過蝦塘、蠔形成水(shui)的(de)(de)循環利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。Umble等用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塘處(chu)理污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)二級處(chu)理出水(shui)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二級處(chu)理出水(shui)提(ti)供的(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)，調節營養(yang)(yang)(yang)比例(N∶P在16～23)，使得水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物繁殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，作為(wei)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)的(de)(de)食(shi)料。養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)體的(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)安全是人們關心(xin)的(de)(de)問題，Adamsson等進行的(de)(de)研究結果(guo)表明，只要(yao)投加飼料成分(fen)恰當，影響不大，但從(cong)保守(shou)的(de)(de)觀點來說，有(you)待(dai)于進一(yi)步證實。

4水產養(yang)殖廢水的循環利用(yong)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)

進行水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理裝(zhuang)置有多(duo)種，其(qi)結構各不(bu)相同，其(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程也(ye)不(bu)一樣，下(xia)面介(jie)紹幾種典型的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)程。魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→集(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)塘→氧化(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→→增(zeng)溫(wen)增(zeng)氧池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)德國使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較多(duo)，這種工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程中(zhong)(zhong)氧化(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)轉筒(tong)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力負荷4.5～514m3/m3·d，沉淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)流(liu)50%～100%到(dao)氧化(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→沉淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→升流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→淋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)增(zeng)氧→加熱、消毒(du)→魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)加拿大使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較多(duo)，在(zai)沉淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能夠去除60%的(de)(de)(de)SS，在(zai)升流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)填(tian)料粒徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)1～10mm左(zuo)右，可(ke)以去除99%氨氮(dan)，新(xin)鮮(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)/回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)1/9。魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→充氧→升流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰巖濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→沉淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→增(zeng)氧→回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)美國使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較多(duo)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)鮮(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)/循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)1/5。魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→升流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→降(jiang)流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→增(zeng)溫(wen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)在(zai)上(shang)海集(ji)約化(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產養殖業水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)循環(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較為(wei)(wei)普遍，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力負荷110.5～140.0m3/m3。魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→集(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→升流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沸石(shi)(shi)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→降(jiang)流(liu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沸石(shi)(shi)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)→補充新(xin)鮮(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、調溫(wen)→魚(yu)(yu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)北(bei)京集(ji)約化(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產養殖業水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)循環(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較多(duo)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力負荷為(wei)(wei)150～194m3/m3。

5生物工程在水產養殖廢(fei)水處理中(zhong)的應用

伴(ban)隨著(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)術(shu)的發展，水(shui)(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)業越來(lai)(lai)越多地運用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)來(lai)(lai)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)和(he)(he)污染物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)數量(liang)。比如用(yong)(yong)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發酵(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)(he)遺傳工程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)將合(he)成特定氨基(ji)酸的基(ji)因克隆(long)進入(ru)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的細(xi)(xi)胞質中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，然后借助微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的增殖(zhi)來(lai)(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)產蛋白質魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)，可(ke)以提(ti)(ti)高(gao)魚(yu)(yu)對飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)的利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)，降(jiang)低(di)氮的排(pai)泄(xie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氮的濃(nong)度;利用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篩選技(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)基(ji)因工程(cheng)培(pei)育一些去污能(neng)(neng)力(li)強的植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(特別是(shi)藻類(lei)(lei))和(he)(he)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)來(lai)(lai)凈化水(shui)(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui);利用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工程(cheng)對魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)進行生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)修正，使魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)耐(nai)污能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)排(pai)泄(xie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，比如Phelps培(pei)育的魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)對沙門氏菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬(shu)形(xing)成抗體(ti)(ti)(ti)，這種魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)就可(ke)以在污染水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。鄭耀通等對具有高(gao)效凈化水(shui)(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的紫色(se)(se)非(fei)硫(liu)光合(he)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)進行了分離(li)和(he)(he)篩選，篩選出(chu)來(lai)(lai)的紫色(se)(se)非(fei)硫(liu)光合(he)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)既有很強的凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，又是(shi)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)的飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)。目前國內(nei)的研究主要集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在光合(he)細(xi)(xi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)產養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)凈化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的應用(yong)(yong)。

6　展望

展(zhan)望(wang)隨著(zhu)世界性水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源短缺和環(huan)境污(wu)染(ran)的(de)日(ri)趨嚴重，今后各國(guo)(guo)(guo)將采用封閉式循(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)養殖方式。其中(zhong)(zhong)，養殖廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)綜(zong)合利(li)用與無害化排放技術具有(you)(you)極(ji)大(da)的(de)研究(jiu)開發價值(zhi)和廣泛(fan)的(de)應用前(qian)景。雖(sui)然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)去除氨(an)氮(dan)和有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)的(de)效果比較好，卻會(hui)使水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)硝(xiao)酸鹽含量(liang)增加，硝(xiao)酸鹽的(de)毒性雖(sui)比氨(an)氮(dan)低，但過度積(ji)累同樣(yang)會(hui)影響魚類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)，而且(qie)含氮(dan)高(gao)的(de)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)排放到環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)，又會(hui)引(yin)起二次污(wu)染(ran)。2l世紀的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產養殖將由單一(yi)型(xing)向生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態型(xing)發展(zhan)。近(jin)年來，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、丹麥(mai)、日(ri)本和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家發展(zhan)魚菜共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、魚藻共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系統;利(li)用養殖廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)培育蔬(shu)菜、花卉、水(shui)(shui)(shui)果和藻類(lei)，既能最大(da)限度地(di)提(ti)高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產品(pin)和蔬(shu)菜等(deng)的(de)產量(liang)，又能凈(jing)化水(shui)(shui)(shui)質，把污(wu)染(ran)降至最低程度，從(cong)而形(xing)成小環(huan)境生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統良性循(xun)環(huan)。

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