工業鍋爐廢水處理
一、鍋爐廢水的形成(cheng)及(ji)危害
鍋爐在(zai)長期(qi)運(yun)行中(zhong)，水(shui)(shui)處理設(she)備難免會老化，當設(she)備在(zai)運(yun)作不正常時，給水(shui)(shui)的(de)污(wu)濁密度較大，給水(shui)(shui)過程中(zhong)含有一定的(de)泥(ni)沙。然而，含有帶(dai)泥(ni)沙成(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)水(shui)(shui)在(zai)鍋爐中(zhong)蒸發，所沉淀出(chu)來的(de)泥(ni)沙物質愈(yu)來愈(yu)多的(de)情況下，導致鍋爐管(guan)(guan)道(dao)堵塞(sai)，散熱效(xiao)果差，會出(chu)現(xian)鍋爐爆(bao)管(guan)(guan)的(de)概(gai)率。鍋爐水(shui)(shui)渣的(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)如果不定期(qi)排出(chu)爐外，也會堵塞(sai)爐管(guan)(guan)造成(cheng)(cheng)爆(bao)管(guan)(guan)事故。同時也降低了傳(chuan)熱效(xiao)果。
鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)排污的(de)目的(de)：避免(mian)鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)出故(gu)障，減少鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)消耗，達到節能(neng)及延(yan)長鍋(guo)(guo)爐(lu)壽命。
二(er)、鍋(guo)爐(lu)廢水排放(fang)處理(li)方法
1、連續法：排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)次數頻(pin)繁，利用(yong)鍋爐底部(bu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)除水渣，采用(yong)時(shi)(shi)間間隔小且排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)次數高的方法進行排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)，比(bi)長時(shi)(shi)間一次排(pai)(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)的方式(shi)效果要(yao)好得(de)多。
2、減(jian)量法(fa)：先做(zuo)好(hao)上面說的連續排(pai)(pai)污(wu)法(fa)，然后減(jian)少(shao)排(pai)(pai)廢(fei)水(shui)量，這(zhe)么(me)做(zuo)的作用和(he)目的是為(wei)了保證鍋(guo)爐(lu)(lu)供氣充足，又可使鍋(guo)爐(lu)(lu)水(shui)質控(kong)制在(zai)標準范圍內，不(bu)會因(yin)為(wei)過量排(pai)(pai)污(wu)導致鍋(guo)爐(lu)(lu)運行波動大，對鍋(guo)爐(lu)(lu)的保養和(he)壽命影(ying)響很嚴重。
3、時間(jian)(jian)控制法：利用鍋爐排(pai)污時間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)的一致性來(lai)控制水(shui)質(zhi)量(liang)的平衡度，使得鍋爐運轉更穩定健康。
三、鍋爐廢水(shui)處理工藝
舉(ju)例：平流+微孔(kong)陶瓷(ci)過濾板(ban)工(gong)藝
1、微孔陶瓷過濾板工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)
微(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)陶瓷過濾(lv)板(ban)由骨料(石(shi)英(ying)、氧化鋁、碳化硅等(deng))摻合一定的粘結劑、成孔(kong)(kong)劑、稀土抗蝕(shi)劑，經高溫燒結而(er)成，在(zai)陶瓷板(ban)內(nei)形成很多(duo)大(da)小分布均勻、并相互連通(tong)的橋(qiao)拱狀開口微(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)通(tong)道，當(dang)流體(ti)從這(zhe)些(xie)微(wei)(wei)(wei)小通(tong)道通(tong)過時(shi)，原水中的懸浮雜質、膠(jiao)體(ti)顆粒(li)、大(da)分子物質等(deng)被(bei)截留(liu)(liu)，流體(ti)在(zai)微(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)通(tong)道的外(wai)表面或(huo)內(nei)部產生各(ge)種(zhong)物理效應，達到機械篩濾(lv)，凈化或(huo)擴散，流態化，吸附截留(liu)(liu)等(deng)功效。
2、沉淀+微孔陶瓷(ci)過濾板用于鍋(guo)爐廢水處理工藝(yi)
鍋(guo)爐底排(pai)出的沖渣(zha)(zha)水或鍋(guo)爐脫硫除塵水中的懸浮(fu)物濃(nong)度(du)高達100000mg/L以上，如(ru)果(guo)直(zhi)接進(jin)入(ru)微孔陶瓷(ci)濾(lv)池(chi)，將增加(jia)濾(lv)池(chi)的負荷(he)和清(qing)渣(zha)(zha)次數(shu)，因此仍然采用(yong)(yong)老(lao)工藝，將高濃(nong)度(du)灰渣(zha)(zha)水排(pai)入(ru)平流沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)內沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降下來，沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)時間(jian)一(yi)般為1-4小(xiao)時，80%的大顆粒在沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)內沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降下來，再流入(ru)第二(er)格過(guo)濾(lv)池(chi)中進(jin)一(yi)步處(chu)理(li)。沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降在沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的灰渣(zha)(zha)采用(yong)(yong)龍門抓(zhua)斗機械清(qing)渣(zha)(zha)，使(shi)(shi)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)保持連續使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。在灰渣(zha)(zha)水量少、沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降的灰渣(zha)(zha)量小(xiao)時，可以設(she)計成二(er)格沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)過(guo)濾(lv)池(chi)，一(yi)格人工清(qing)渣(zha)(zha)，另一(yi)格運轉使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。
經平(ping)流沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或(huo)機械加速(su)澄(cheng)清(qing)(qing)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)處(chu)理后的(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)懸浮物(wu)仍然高達1000mg/l左(zuo)右，粉(fen)煤灰(hui)(hui)顆(ke)粒粒徑(jing)較(jiao)小，一(yi)般都在(zai)100um以下，這部分粉(fen)煤灰(hui)(hui)最(zui)難處(chu)理，靠自然沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降，沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降速(su)度慢，沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降效果較(jiao)差，這就是原(yuan)有沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)處(chu)理方法(fa)懸浮物(wu)往往難達排放標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)原(yuan)因。本工藝在(zai)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)后面增(zeng)加一(yi)格(ge)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內安(an)裝若(ruo)干道微(wei)孔陶瓷(ci)(ci)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)墻，灰(hui)(hui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)往濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)墻的(de)外表面經陶瓷(ci)(ci)微(wei)孔進入濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)墻中間水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)，然后集(ji)中流入清(qing)(qing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內，而灰(hui)(hui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥渣(zha)(zha)(zha)雜質不能穿過微(wei)孔，被阻擋在(zai)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)墻外面，形成自濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)，相似于(yu)敷膜過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層(ceng)，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)過預涂層(ceng)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)得清(qing)(qing)澈透明。隨著(zhu)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不斷地進行，敷膜涂層(ceng)逐(zhu)漸(jian)加厚(hou)，阻力增(zeng)大(da)，產(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升，一(yi)但上升到保護(hu)高位(wei)置(zhi)時(shi)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)應(ying)開始清(qing)(qing)灰(hui)(hui)，清(qing)(qing)灰(hui)(hui)周期一(yi)般在(zai)60天(tian)左(zuo)右。清(qing)(qing)灰(hui)(hui)方法(fa)可(ke)用灰(hui)(hui)漿泵(beng)將集(ji)泥斗內灰(hui)(hui)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)定(ding)期抽到沉(chen)(chen)(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內，這樣(yang)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)連續運(yun)轉使用;小型過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)以將濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)放空，然后人(ren)工清(qing)(qing)除集(ji)灰(hui)(hui)坑內灰(hui)(hui)渣(zha)(zha)(zha)，再用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)槍沖(chong)洗墻表面后即可(ke)恢復過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。
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