藥品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中(zhong)所用原輔(fu)料成分復雜,反應產(chan)生(sheng)的廢水(shui)COD高達(da)幾萬mg/L,我們將稱之為(wei)高濃度有機(ji)廢水(shui),常規方(fang)法(fa)幾乎不能直接處理。常見的處理這種高濃度有機(ji)廢水(shui)的方(fang)法(fa)有:溶劑(ji)萃取法(fa)、吸附法(fa)、生(sheng)物法(fa)、膜(mo)分離法(fa)、氧化法(fa)、焚(fen)燒法(fa)。下(xia)面主(zhu)要探討(tao)一下(xia)前(qian)三種處理方(fang)法(fa)。

1溶劑萃取法

溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)是(shi)利用溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種不(bu)互(hu)(hu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的液相(xiang)(xiang)間分(fen)配性質(zhi)(zhi)的差(cha)異實現液- 液間傳質(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng),是(shi)實現高濃度(du)(du)有機(ji)廢(fei)(fei)水資源回(hui)(hui)收的重(zhong)要(yao)技術之一(yi)。為(wei)了(le)去除廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)某(mou)種溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),可向廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)投(tou)入一(yi)種與(yu)水互(hu)(hu)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),但能(neng)良好溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)污(wu)染物(wu)的溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji),使其與(yu)廢(fei)(fei)水充分(fen)混合接觸。由于溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)的不(bu)同, 大部分(fen)污(wu)染物(wu)轉(zhuan)移到(dao)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)。所(suo)用的溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji);萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)后的溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)液(相(xiang)(xiang)) ,廢(fei)(fei)水稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)余液(相(xiang)(xiang)) 。若(ruo)(ruo)廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)苯(ben)酚(fen)(fen)、硝基(ji)酚(fen)(fen)、酚(fen)(fen)等含量很低,一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)采用萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)。若(ruo)(ruo)廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)含難生物(wu)降解(jie)的多(duo)(duo)鹵代酚(fen)(fen)、多(duo)(duo)硝基(ji)酚(fen)(fen)、硝基(ji)苯(ben)磺酸等,則萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)為(wei)首選處理(li)方法(fa)。酚(fen)(fen)類、青霉素(su)(su)、維(wei)生素(su)(su)等多(duo)(duo)種物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均可用萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)回(hui)(hui)收。萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)過(guo)程(cheng)達到(dao)平衡時,污(wu)染物(wu)在(zai)(zai)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)相(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)的濃度(du)(du)cs與(yu)在(zai)(zai)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)余相(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)的濃度(du)(du)ce之比(bi)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)分(fen)配系數E,即E = cs/ce

實驗表明,分(fen)配系(xi)數(shu)(shu)隨(sui)被(bei)(bei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)的(de)性(xing)(xing)質、溫度和(he)濃(nong)度的(de)變化(hua)(hua)而異(yi)。因此,根據廢水中(zhong)被(bei)(bei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)的(de)性(xing)(xing)質與(yu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng), 選(xuan)擇(ze)適宜的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、稀釋劑(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)反(fan)(fan)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)高選(xuan)性(xing)(xing)、高效率與(yu)適當濃(nong)縮倍(bei)數(shu)(shu)的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)與(yu)反(fan)(fan)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi),是該技術的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。廢水中(zhong)有機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)可分(fen)為物理性(xing)(xing)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)與(yu)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。物理萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是利用(yong)(yong)廢水中(zhong)被(bei)(bei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)對某種與(yu)水不互(hu)溶(rong)(rong)的(de)有機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji))和(he)水之間的(de)物理分(fen)配系(xi)數(shu)(shu),被(bei)(bei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)離。物理萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)過程,主要(yao)適用(yong)(yong)于親(qin)油性(xing)(xing)較強的(de)有機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。化(hua)(hua)學(xue)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是利用(yong)(yong)被(bei)(bei)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)能與(yu)選(xuan)定的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)產生某種化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying),形成(cheng)(cheng)不溶(rong)(rong)于水,易(yi)溶(rong)(rong)于有機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)合物而被(bei)(bei)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)離。因此化(hua)(hua)學(xue)萃(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)比(bi)較簡單(dan),設備與(yu)操作方便,當前研究與(yu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)多為此類體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)。

選擇化學(xue)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)主要應依據(ju)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)被(bei)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)有(you)(you)機組分(fen)中(zhong)活性(xing)(xing)基(ji)(ji)團的(de)化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi), 如含酚(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)酚(fen)(fen)帶有(you)(you)羥(qian)基(ji)(ji)( - OH) ,染(ran)料與(yu)(yu)各中(zhong)間體分(fen)子上帶有(you)(you)磺酸基(ji)(ji)(一S～) 3H)等, 這類(lei)(lei)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)在水(shui)中(zhong)呈(cheng)微酸性(xing)(xing),能(neng)離(li)解出H+ ,通常(chang)稱(cheng)為(wei)Lewis (路易斯)酸,因此應選用(yong)堿(jian)(或(huo)Lewis堿(jian))性(xing)(xing)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)實現萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)離(li)。萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)的(de)選擇應具備下列物(wu)理(li)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi): (1)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)不(bu)(bu)互溶,易溶于有(you)(you)機溶劑(ji),且密度小(xiao)于水(shui),因此萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)必須有(you)(you)長(chang)的(de)碳鏈和(he)芳環; (2)要求有(you)(you)較高的(de)化學(xue)與(yu)(yu)熱(re)穩定性(xing)(xing),不(bu)(bu)易水(shui)解,無毒或(huo)低毒; (3)萃(cui)(cui)合物(wu)易被(bei)反萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),能(neng)長(chang)期重(zhong)(zhong)復使用(yong)。在廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)預處理(li)中(zhong),萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)相的(de)分(fen)離(li),同時(shi)回(hui)收溶劑(ji)和(he)溶質(zhi)(zhi),具有(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用(yong)。因為(wei),一般情況萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)的(de)用(yong)量(liang)往往很大(da)(da),如不(bu)(bu)能(neng)再生回(hui)用(yong),就失去預處理(li)意義;另一方面(mian),萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)相中(zhong)的(de)溶質(zhi)(zhi)也很大(da)(da),如不(bu)(bu)回(hui)收,會造(zao)成浪費和(he)二次污染(ran)。根(gen)據(ju)上述原理(li)與(yu)(yu)條件,對于含Lewis酸類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)機廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)的(de)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),可選用(yong)的(de)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)只有(you)(you)胺類(lei)(lei)、吡啶和(he)羅丹明B,其(qi)中(zhong)胺類(lei)(lei)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)從性(xing)(xing)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)價格方面(mian)優于其(qi)他(ta)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劑(ji)。

胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類萃(cui)(cui)取劑(ji)(ji)包(bao)括烷(wan)基胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類、二苯基硫醇胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)與N - N - 二(R - 甲基芐基) - 乙(yi)酰胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)。烷(wan)基胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類萃(cui)(cui)取性能(neng)尤佳,是主(zhu)要選用(yong)(yong)的萃(cui)(cui)取劑(ji)(ji),其(qi)(qi)中包(bao)括伯、仲、叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)與季(ji)(ji)銨(an)(an)鹽(yan)。其(qi)(qi)萃(cui)(cui)取能(neng)力(li)依次(ci)為伯胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)<仲胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)<叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)<季(ji)(ji)銨(an)(an)鹽(yan),因此(ci),可(ke)以(yi)認為季(ji)(ji)銨(an)(an)鹽(yan)與叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鹽(yan)類是最佳的萃(cui)(cui)取劑(ji)(ji)。季(ji)(ji)銨(an)(an)鹽(yan)類在任何條件下萃(cui)(cui)取Lewis酸有(you)機質,實質上它(ta)是一種液體陰離子交(jiao)換劑(ji)(ji)。叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類適合(he)于(yu)酸性條件下應用(yong)(yong)。綜合(he)價(jia)格因素,選用(yong)(yong)叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類萃(cui)(cui)取劑(ji)(ji)更(geng)加適宜。我國(guo)現有(you)的叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)類萃(cui)(cui)取劑(ji)(ji)有(you)烷(wan)基叔(shu)(shu)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(簡稱N235)和三辛胺(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(簡稱 TOA) ,以(yi)N235應用(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)廣(guang)泛。

2吸附法

吸(xi)(xi)附法(fa)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)具有(you)(you)很強吸(xi)(xi)附能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)固體(ti)吸(xi)(xi)附劑(ji),使廢(fei)水中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種或(huo)數(shu)種組分富集于固體(ti)表面的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附劑(ji)有(you)(you)活性炭和樹脂(zhi)(zhi),活性炭再生和洗(xi)脫(tuo)困難;樹脂(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)附具有(you)(you)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍廣(guang),不受廢(fei)水中(zhong)無機鹽的(de)(de)(de)影響,吸(xi)(xi)附效果好,洗(xi)脫(tuo)和再生容(rong)易(yi),性能(neng)穩(wen)定(ding)等(deng)優點,因而在高濃度有(you)(you)機廢(fei)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)中(zhong),最常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附劑(ji)為樹脂(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)附劑(ji)。樹脂(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)附法(fa)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于處(chu)(chu)理(li)含(han)酚、苯胺、有(you)(you)機酸、硝(xiao)基物等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)水,是一(yi)種處(chu)(chu)理(li)有(you)(you)機廢(fei)水的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效方(fang)法(fa)。

3生物處理法

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命活(huo)(huo)動來(lai)去(qu)除(chu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是(shi)(shi)當前(qian)(qian)世(shi)界上有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)途徑。由于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)投資(zi)省、費用(yong)低(di)、效果好、過程穩(wen)定、操(cao)作簡單(dan)且不(bu)造成(cheng)二(er)次污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian),因而得到迅速發展(zhan)。近年(nian)來(lai),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也被廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)高(gao)濃(nong)度難處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)投資(zi)省,費用(yong)低(di),但其(qi)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)濃(nong)度及毒物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度不(bu)能(neng)太高(gao),否則會影響生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。一(yi)般來(lai)說,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)常(chang)與其(qi)它預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)或后續(xu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)聯用(yong),達(da)(da)到去(qu)除(chu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。若高(gao)濃(nong)度有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)可以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi),則可以通過各(ge)種(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)去(qu)除(chu)有(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)后,再用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技術進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)很(hen)多,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)采用(yong)過濾、隔油、沉淀、氣浮、吸附(fu)、萃取、升(sheng)溫(wen)或降溫(wen)、稀釋(shi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)、電化(hua)(hua)學法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、磁分(fen)(fen)離技術及化(hua)(hua)學氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。這些(xie)預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)也可以有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合起來(lai),提高(gao)預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三大(da)(da)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素是(shi)(shi):微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、氧(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器是(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)棲息生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所,是(shi)(shi)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)加以降解(jie)、利用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)設備。高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器,要(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)保(bao)持最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)量(liang)及其(qi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),要(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)有(you)(you)效地供應(ying)氧(yang)(yang)(或隔絕氧(yang)(yang)) ,要(yao)(yao)(yao)使微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、氧(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之間能(neng)充分(fen)(fen)接觸良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳質(zhi)條(tiao)件。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)分(fen)(fen)為好氧(yang)(yang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)厭氧(yang)(yang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)兩種(zhong)。常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo):普(pu)通活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、加壓(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、深井曝氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流化(hua)(hua)床法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、序批(pi)式間歇(xie)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。目(mu)前(qian)(qian),國(guo)內外處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)抗生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)比較成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。由于(yu)加強了預(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),改(gai)進(jin)(jin)了曝氣方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),使裝(zhuang)置運(yun)行(xing)穩(wen)定,到20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)代已成(cheng)為一(yi)些(xie)工業發達(da)(da)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)廠普(pu)遍采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。但是(shi)(shi)普(pu)通活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點(dian)是(shi)(shi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)量(liang)稀釋(shi),運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)泡沫多, 易發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)膨脹,剩余(yu)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)量(liang)大(da)(da),去(qu)除(chu)率不(bu)高(gao),常(chang)必須采用(yong)二(er)級或多級處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。厭氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)在無分(fen)(fen)子氧(yang)(yang)條(tiao)件下(xia)通過厭氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)兼性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)將廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)復雜(za)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)轉化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)甲烷和(he)(he)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳等物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程,也稱(cheng)厭氧(yang)(yang)消化(hua)(hua)。

由(you)于厭氧處(chu)理(li)(li)過(guo)程中起主要代謝作(zuo)(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)酸菌和產(chan)(chan)(chan)甲(jia)烷菌具有(you)相對不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)學特(te)征,因此(ci)可以分別構造(zao)適合其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)環境(jing)條(tiao)件,利用產(chan)(chan)(chan)酸菌生(sheng)長快,對毒物(wu)敏感性差的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點將其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)厭氧過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)首段(duan),以提高(gao)廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可生(sheng)化性,減少(shao)廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜成分及毒性對產(chan)(chan)(chan)甲(jia)烷菌的(de)(de)(de)(de)抑制作(zuo)(zuo)用,提高(gao)處(chu)理(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)沖擊負荷能(neng)力,進而(er)保證后續復合厭氧處(chu)理(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)甲(jia)烷階(jie)段(duan)處(chu)理(li)(li)效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定性。

用于抗生(sheng)素廢(fei)(fei)水處理(li)的(de)厭(yan)氧工藝包括:上流(liu)式(shi)厭(yan)氧污泥床(chuang)(UASB) 、厭(yan)氧復(fu)合床(chuang)( uBF)等。因此近年來,改進曝(pu)氣(qi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)固定技(ji)術(shu)以提(ti)高(gao)廢(fei)(fei)水的(de)處理(li)效(xiao)果已(yi)成為(wei)活性污泥法(fa)(fa)研究(jiu)和(he)發展的(de)重要(yao)內容。微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)可以通過一定程度的(de)馴化培(pei)養(yang)來降(jiang)(jiang)解有機物(wu)(wu),這樣做比物(wu)(wu)化法(fa)(fa)經(jing)濟。若(ruo)廢(fei)(fei)水中有害物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)濃(nong)度較高(gao)又難以降(jiang)(jiang)解,直(zhi)接采用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)可能(neng),這時可采用物(wu)(wu)化法(fa)(fa)進行治理(li),如用濕式(shi)催化氧化法(fa)(fa)和(he)焚(fen)燒法(fa)(fa)等,能(neng)大幅度降(jiang)(jiang)低有機化合物(wu)(wu)濃(nong)度,也可以采用吸附或萃取法(fa)(fa)等直(zhi)接去(qu)除(chu)廢(fei)(fei)水中的(de)有機物(wu)(wu)。

4結語

制藥工(gong)業(ye)廢水種類繁多,選擇什么樣的(de)治理(li)(li)(li)技術路(lu)線取決于廢水的(de)性質。由于制藥廢水濃度(du)高、色度(du)深、可生(sheng)化性較差的(de)特點(dian),應考(kao)慮結合(he)預處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、后處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、物化生(sheng)物法。同時考(kao)慮回收利用的(de)經濟效益(yi)。當然,制藥廢水的(de)根本(ben)治理(li)(li)(li)還要(yao)清潔生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)基礎,對藥物生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)各個(ge)工(gong)序進行清潔化生(sheng)產(chan)與管理(li)(li)(li),消除(chu)“跑冒滴(di)漏”現(xian)象,同時也應考(kao)慮物流(liu)的(de)閉路(lu)輸送,實現(xian)零(ling)排放。讓污(wu)染(ran)在生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中得(de)到減少或消除(chu)。

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