【谷騰環保網訊】為(wei)促(cu)進污(wu)泥產(chan)品土(tu)(tu)(tu)地利(li)用(yong)資源化科(ke)學(xue)發展(zhan)及應用(yong)，設置0、9、18、27 t/hm2 共(gong)4個(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)平，通(tong)過(guo)單季小(xiao)白(bai)菜(cai)農(nong)用(yong)，研究生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)(tu)(tu)(好(hao)氧(yang)堆肥(fei)(fei))和(he)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(高(gao)(gao)(gao)級厭氧(yang)消化工藝)兩(liang)種(zhong)北京城市生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)泥產(chan)品對(dui)(dui)植物(wu)(wu)肥(fei)(fei)效(xiao)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)影響。結果表(biao)明(ming)(ming)：有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)(tu)(tu)均(jun)能提升(sheng)小(xiao)白(bai)菜(cai)的(de)(de)養(yang)分(fen)吸(xi)收(shou)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，全(quan)氮吸(xi)收(shou)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)T3處理較CK分(fen)別(bie)提升(sheng)23.7%、14.2%；對(dui)(dui)小(xiao)白(bai)菜(cai)重金(jin)屬吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)影響很小(xiao)，未表(biao)現(xian)出明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)植物(wu)(wu)重金(jin)屬富集特征，均(jun)滿足《食品安全(quan)國家標準(zhun)(zhun) 食品中污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)限(xian)量(liang)》(GB-2762-2017)限(xian)值標準(zhun)(zhun)；對(dui)(dui)小(xiao)白(bai)菜(cai)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長具有(you)(you)顯著(zhu)(zhu)促(cu)進作(zuo)用(yong)，在(zai)0~27 t/hm2范圍內，產(chan)量(liang)隨著(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)梯(ti)度不(bu)(bu)斷增(zeng)加，肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)貢獻率不(bu)(bu)斷升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，同施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)梯(ti)度下，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)產(chan)效(xiao)果優于有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，兩(liang)種(zhong)產(chan)品最(zui)佳施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)均(jun)在(zai)18~27 t/hm2，可維持(chi)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)利(li)用(yong)率；有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)(tu)(tu)對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全(quan)氮、NH3-N、NO3-N、全(quan)磷、有(you)(you)效(xiao)磷、有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)質(zhi)的(de)(de)提升(sheng)效(xiao)果尤為(wei)明(ming)(ming)顯，均(jun)能對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)改善起到積極效(xiao)果；從土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境影響來看，在(zai)本試(shi)驗施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)梯(ti)度下，除全(quan)鎘(ge)和(he)全(quan)鉻(ge)，其它重金(jin)屬指標均(jun)在(zai)各施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)處理土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中無顯著(zhu)(zhu)差異，未出現(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)重金(jin)屬明(ming)(ming)顯累積趨勢(shi)，滿足《土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境質(zhi)量(liang)農(nong)用(yong)地土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染(ran)風險管控標準(zhun)(zhun)》(試(shi)行)(GB 15618-2018)要求，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境良好(hao)。

城鎮生活污(wu)(wu)泥經無害(hai)化(hua)、穩定化(hua)進(jin)行土(tu)地(di)利用(yong)是解(jie)決污(wu)(wu)泥產(chan)品(pin)(pin)重要的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)之一，污(wu)(wu)泥中大(da)部分的(de)(de)氮磷(lin)、有(you)(you)機(ji)質等營養成分均來自于土(tu)壤，因(yin)此將富含碳氮磷(lin)營養元素的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥回歸土(tu)壤，是實(shi)現資源(yuan)循環(huan)利用(yong)的(de)(de)重要途徑。好氧(yang)發酵、厭氧(yang)消(xiao)化(hua)是國內外應(ying)用(yong)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥無害(hai)化(hua)、穩定化(hua)處理手段，污(wu)(wu)泥經處理后產(chan)品(pin)(pin)屬(shu)于一種類(lei)有(you)(you)機(ji)肥功能的(de)(de)新型物(wu)(wu)料(liao)。相關(guan)(guan)研究表明，污(wu)(wu)泥產(chan)品(pin)(pin)利用(yong)可(ke)顯著提(ti)升地(di)力條件，改善土(tu)壤結構，提(ti)升土(tu)壤酶活，起到培肥改土(tu)效果。但(dan)(dan)也有(you)(you)其它研究顯示，污(wu)(wu)泥連續施用(yong)會造成土(tu)壤及植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)重金屬(shu)污(wu)(wu)染，造成食品(pin)(pin)安全(quan)和環(huan)境風(feng)險(xian)，導致(zhi)污(wu)(wu)泥產(chan)品(pin)(pin)認可(ke)度低。污(wu)(wu)泥經處理雖然達(da)到相關(guan)(guan)資源(yuan)化(hua)利用(yong)標準(zhun)，但(dan)(dan)在實(shi)際推廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)過(guo)程中壁(bi)壘重重，同時鑒于缺(que)乏(fa)國家(jia)層(ceng)面的(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)利用(yong)環(huan)境風(feng)險(xian)體(ti)系和管理體(ti)系等落地(di)政策的(de)(de)有(you)(you)力支撐，污(wu)(wu)泥土(tu)地(di)利用(yong)多重因(yin)素受限導致(zhi)我國污(wu)(wu)泥土(tu)地(di)利用(yong)資源(yuan)化(hua)一直處于瓶頸(jing)階(jie)段。

因此，為(wei)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)品土地利用(yong)提供(gong)科(ke)學依(yi)據，推動土地利用(yong)資源化(hua)(hua)方式(shi)發展，本研(yan)(yan)究通過污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)品單季(ji)小(xiao)白菜農用(yong)，利用(yong)好氧堆肥和(he)高(gao)級厭氧消化(hua)(hua)工藝處理(li)后北(bei)京(jing)城市生活污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)品，旨在(zai)從產(chan)品肥效和(he)環境影(ying)響兩個角度，研(yan)(yan)究污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)品對植物生長和(he)土壤環境的影(ying)響，以期為(wei)不同污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)品土地利用(yong)的發展提供(gong)科(ke)學支撐。

01 材料與方法

1.1 研究區概況

研(yan)究區(qu)位(wei)于北(bei)(bei)京市(shi)大興區(qu)龐各莊(zhuang)鎮北(bei)(bei)頓垡村(cun)，屬(shu)于溫帶大陸性半(ban)濕潤(run)季風氣候，四季分明(ming)，雨熱(re)同季，但降(jiang)雨時間分布不均，季風較多，多年(nian)平均降(jiang)水量549.5mm，年(nian)降(jiang)水多集中在6月至9月，土壤(rang)類型為粘質砂(sha)土。

1.2 試驗設計

試驗設(she)計污(wu)泥產(chan)品2種(zhong)，產(chan)品來源于北京(jing)排水集團龐各莊污(wu)泥處(chu)置(zhi)廠(chang)，一種(zhong)為城(cheng)鎮生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)泥經好氧堆肥發酵工藝(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)的生(sheng)物碳土產(chan)品，另一種(zhong)為城(cheng)鎮生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)泥經高級(ji)厭氧消化工藝(yi)（熱水解(jie)+厭氧消化）生(sheng)產(chan)的有機(ji)營(ying)養土產(chan)品。產(chan)品特性如(ru)表1、表2所示(shi)。

每(mei)種(zhong)產(chan)品(pin)設(she)置1個空(kong)白（ck）處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，3個施肥處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)T1、T2、T3，分別為9、18、27 t/hm2 (干(gan)基)。其中，不施肥處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，耕地后(hou)按10cm行距開(kai)深3cm的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)條溝并條播(bo)(bo)(bo)小(xiao)(xiao)白菜種(zhong)子（CK）；施肥處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)組，首(shou)先進行土(tu)表撒施，再人工進行表土(tu)翻(fan)耕（0~15cm），最后(hou)按CK組方法(fa)進行種(zhong)子播(bo)(bo)(bo)撒。各(ge)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)間等(deng)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。每(mei)個處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)3次重(zhong)復，小(xiao)(xiao)區面積為4m×3m。小(xiao)(xiao)白菜種(zhong)植(zhi)期限(xian)為2個月(yue)，5月(yue)底播(bo)(bo)(bo)撒，7月(yue)底收獲(huo)。

1.3 檢測指標

1.3.1 土壤指標

 在小白菜播(bo)種(zhong)前和(he)收獲后，按(an)五點取樣法采集表層（0~20cm）土壤，自然風(feng)干后磨碎(sui)過篩，測定土壤pH、全(quan)鹽(yan)、CEC、密度、全(quan)氮、全(quan)磷、全(quan)鉀(jia)、有(you)機質、有(you)效(xiao)NH3-N、有(you)效(xiao)NO3--N、有(you)效(xiao)磷、速效(xiao)鉀(jia)、全(quan)鎘、全(quan)鉻、全(quan)鉛、全(quan)汞、全(quan)砷(shen)、全(quan)銅、全(quan)鋅、全(quan)鎳(nie)，文中數據以(yi)干重(zhong)計。

1.3.2 植物指標

在小白(bai)菜成熟期，按五(wu)點取樣法取地(di)上部葉(xie)片，105℃條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)殺(sha)青30min，再于70℃條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)烘干至恒重，粉碎后過篩，測定全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)磷(lin)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鉀、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鎘、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鉻(ge)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鉛、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)汞(gong)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)砷、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)銅、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鋅、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鎳，文中(zhong)營養指(zhi)標含量以干重計，重金屬含量以鮮(xian)重計。

1.3.3 產量

在小白菜收(shou)獲(huo)前一天(tian)，每個小區(qu)按1m2，選定3組長勢均勻且有代表性的樣方，收(shou)獲(huo)地上部后稱鮮(xian)重，進(jin)行測產，文中數據以(yi)鮮(xian)重計。

1.4 指標計算方法

1.4.1 肥料利用率

分別(bie)用肥料(liao)農學(xue)利用率、肥料(liao)偏生產力(li)和(he)肥料(liao)貢獻率等指標表征肥料(liao)利用效率。

肥(fei)料農學利用(yong)率（kg/kg）=（肥(fei)料處(chu)理(li)產量-不施肥(fei)處(chu)理(li)產量）/施肥(fei)處(chu)理(li)的養分（N、P2O5、K2O）施用(yong)量（1）

肥(fei)料(liao)偏生(sheng)產力（kg/kg）=施(shi)肥(fei)處理(li)產量(liang)/施(shi)肥(fei)處理(li)的養分(fen)（N、P2O5、K2O）施(shi)用量(liang) （2）

肥料(liao)貢(gong)獻率=（施(shi)肥處理(li)產(chan)量(liang)-不施(shi)肥處理(li)產(chan)量(liang)）/施(shi)肥處理(li)產(chan)量(liang)×100%（3）

1.4.2 數據分析

數據分(fen)(fen)析、制圖采用Microsoft Excel 2010，方差分(fen)(fen)析采用SPSS18.0軟(ruan)件，多重比較(jiao)采用Duncan新(xin)復極差法，P＜0.05，不(bu)同(tong)小(xiao)寫字母(mu)表示處理間差異顯(xian)著。

02 結果與分析

2.1 污泥產品施用對小白菜生長效果的影響

2.1.1 不同污泥產品對小白菜養分吸收的影響

由表3可知(zhi)，兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)污泥產(chan)(chan)品(pin)對(dui)小(xiao)白(bai)菜地上部養(yang)分吸(xi)收規律不(bu)同，有(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)(tu)對(dui)小(xiao)白(bai)菜的(de)全氮的(de)養(yang)分吸(xi)收顯(xian)著影響(xiang)，生物碳(tan)土(tu)(tu)對(dui)全氮吸(xi)收影響(xiang)不(bu)顯(xian)著，但從(cong)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)趨(qu)勢分析，兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)一(yi)致，表現為(wei)施肥(fei)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)，全氮吸(xi)收量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)，有(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)(tu)、生物碳(tan)土(tu)(tu)的(de)T3處(chu)理(li)較CK分別提升23.7%、14.2%。但兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)不(bu)同施肥(fei)處(chu)理(li)對(dui)全磷吸(xi)收影響(xiang)不(bu)顯(xian)著，并沒(mei)有(you)出現與全氮相似的(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)趨(qu)勢。從(cong)全鉀來看，有(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)(tu)T2、T3與CK、T1表現顯(xian)著差異(yi)，呈現施肥(fei)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)，全鉀降低(di)的(de)趨(qu)勢，生物碳(tan)土(tu)(tu)各(ge)處(chu)理(li)間差異(yi)不(bu)顯(xian)著。

2.1.2 不同污泥產品對小白菜重金屬吸收的影響

不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)污泥產品(pin)對(dui)(dui)小白菜(cai)八項(xiang)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)略有(you)差(cha)異(yi)。由表4可(ke)知(zhi)，有(you)機營(ying)養土(tu)各處(chu)(chu)理(li)對(dui)(dui)總(zong)汞、總(zong)鉻影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顯(xian)(xian)著，其(qi)他重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)均(jun)與(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)差(cha)異(yi)顯(xian)(xian)著，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)梯度間(jian)，除(chu)總(zong)砷T2與(yu)(yu)(yu)T1、T3差(cha)異(yi)顯(xian)(xian)著，其(qi)他重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)均(jun)差(cha)異(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顯(xian)(xian)著；生物(wu)碳土(tu)各處(chu)(chu)理(li)對(dui)(dui)總(zong)銅影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顯(xian)(xian)著，其(qi)他處(chu)(chu)理(li)，除(chu)總(zong)鋅(xin)外，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)均(jun)與(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)差(cha)異(yi)顯(xian)(xian)著。但(dan)總(zong)體來(lai)看，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)污泥產品(pin)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)梯度對(dui)(dui)小白菜(cai)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)很小，從(cong)變(bian)化趨(qu)勢來(lai)看，雖然(ran)變(bian)化不(bu)(bu)(bu)完全(quan)一致，但(dan)大多數重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)呈現(xian)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)污泥產品(pin)后重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)降低的(de)(de)趨(qu)勢，未表現(xian)出(chu)明顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)植物(wu)重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)富集特征，均(jun)滿足《食品(pin)安全(quan)國家標準 食品(pin)中污染(ran)物(wu)限量》（GB 2762-2017）中重金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)限值標準。

2.1.3 不同污泥產品對小白菜產量的影響

由圖1可(ke)知(zhi)，有機營(ying)養(yang)和(he)生(sheng)物碳土(tu)兩(liang)種產(chan)品(pin)對(dui)小白(bai)菜(cai)的生(sheng)長具有顯著(zhu)促進作(zuo)用(yong)。從產(chan)量(liang)來看(kan)，兩(liang)種產(chan)品(pin)在0~27 t/hm2 (干基)施肥量(liang)范圍內(nei)，小白(bai)菜(cai)產(chan)量(liang)隨著(zhu)施肥梯度增高(gao)，產(chan)量(liang)增加，但在施肥量(liang)18 t/hm2和(he)27 t/hm2兩(liang)個處理間，均(jun)表現差異不顯著(zhu)。從兩(liang)種產(chan)品(pin)增產(chan)效果來看(kan)，兩(liang)者T3較CK分別提升200.0%、372.4%。表明兩(liang)種產(chan)品(pin)均(jun)能對(dui)小白(bai)菜(cai)增產(chan)，生(sheng)物碳土(tu)增產(chan)效果好于有機營(ying)養(yang)土(tu)，同(tong)時，結合(he)實際產(chan)量(liang)，兩(liang)種產(chan)品(pin)最佳施用(yong)量(liang)均(jun)應在18~ 27 t/hm2。

2.1.4 污泥產品對小白菜肥料利用率的影響

有機(ji)營養土和生物碳土均顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)影響(xiang)了小白(bai)菜的(de)(de)肥料(liao)利(li)用(yong)率（見表(biao)5）。隨著(zhu)(zhu)兩(liang)種產(chan)品施用(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)增加(jia)，肥料(liao)利(li)用(yong)率的(de)(de)變(bian)化趨勢一致，其中(zhong)，肥料(liao)貢獻率不斷(duan)升高(gao)，但T2、T3之間變(bian)化不大；肥料(liao)農學利(li)用(yong)率先增高(gao)，后顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)降低；肥料(liao)偏生產(chan)力則隨著(zhu)(zhu)施用(yong)量(liang)增高(gao)而(er)(er)不斷(duan)降低，在施肥量(liang)超過18 t/hm2時，下降顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)。總體而(er)(er)言，兩(liang)種產(chan)品的(de)(de)施用(yong)量(liang)18~27 t/hm2，可維持較高(gao)的(de)(de)肥料(liao)利(li)用(yong)率。

2.2 污泥產品施用對小白菜種植土壤質量的影響

2.2.1 不同污泥產品施用對小白菜土壤理化性狀的影響

由表(biao)6可知，有(you)機營(ying)養(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)和生物碳土(tu)(tu)均對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)全(quan)鹽影(ying)響較(jiao)大(da)，有(you)機營(ying)養(yang)(yang)土(tu)(tu)T3較(jiao)CK呈(cheng)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)差(cha)異(yi)；生物碳土(tu)(tu)T2、T3較(jiao)CK均呈(cheng)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)差(cha)異(yi)。對pH影(ying)響較(jiao)小(xiao)，對土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)CEC、容重(zhong)、密(mi)度無顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)影(ying)響。

2.2.2 不同污泥產品施用對土壤養分的影響

有(you)機營養土和生物碳(tan)土均對(dui)土壤養分(fen)影響(xiang)較大(da)（見表7）。其(qi)中，較不施肥處理，全(quan)氮、全(quan)磷(lin)、有(you)效

NH3-N、有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)NO-3-N均(jun)有(you)顯著(zhu)(zhu)差(cha)異(yi)，有(you)機質(zhi)、有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)磷、速(su)效(xiao)(xiao)鉀差(cha)異(yi)不顯著(zhu)(zhu)。從變化趨勢來(lai)看，除全(quan)鉀和速(su)效(xiao)(xiao)鉀無一致變化規律外，其它各指標均(jun)較CK均(jun)有(you)提升，且呈隨著(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)肥(fei)量(liang)增(zeng)加而增(zeng)加趨勢。對土壤(rang)全(quan)氮、NH3-N、NO-3-N、全(quan)磷、有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)磷、有(you)機質(zhi)的提升效(xiao)(xiao)果尤為明顯。表明施(shi)用(yong)兩(liang)種產品(pin)均(jun)對土壤(rang)質(zhi)量(liang)的改(gai)善起到積極效(xiao)(xiao)果。

2.2.3 不同污泥產品施用對土壤重金屬的影響

從(cong)土(tu)壤環(huan)境(jing)影響來(lai)看(kan)，由表8可知，除全鎘(ge)和全鉻，其他(ta)重(zhong)金(jin)屬指標均在各施(shi)(shi)肥處理土(tu)壤中無顯著差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)。有(you)(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)后，全鎘(ge)T3較其他(ta)它處理呈(cheng)(cheng)顯著差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)，全鉻不(bu)同(tong)(tong)處理間略(lve)有(you)(you)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)；生物碳土(tu)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)后，全鎘(ge)T2、T3較其他(ta)呈(cheng)(cheng)顯著差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)，全鉻各處理無顯著差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)。從(cong)各重(zhong)金(jin)屬含(han)量來(lai)看(kan)，本(ben)試驗下不(bu)同(tong)(tong)產品、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量對土(tu)壤重(zhong)金(jin)屬無明顯累積趨勢。從(cong)總體來(lai)看(kan)，滿足《土(tu)壤環(huan)境(jing)質量農用(yong)(yong)地土(tu)壤污染風險管控標準》（試行）(GB 15618-2018)要求(qiu)，土(tu)壤環(huan)境(jing)良好。

03 討論

3.1 污泥產品施用對小白菜肥效的影響

污(wu)泥中含(han)有豐富的(de)氮(dan)磷、有機(ji)質等營養成分(fen)，污(wu)泥產品合(he)理的(de)土(tu)地利用(yong)能對土(tu)壤起(qi)到培(pei)肥改土(tu)的(de)效果。本試(shi)驗也表明施(shi)用(yong)污(wu)泥產品可(ke)提(ti)(ti)高植(zhi)物的(de)養分(fen)吸(xi)收，提(ti)(ti)高植(zhi)物產量，同時(shi)促(cu)進土(tu)壤氮(dan)磷、有機(ji)質的(de)提(ti)(ti)升，對土(tu)壤地力(li)的(de)提(ti)(ti)升起(qi)到積極促(cu)進作用(yong)。

從(cong)養分(fen)吸(xi)收量(liang)(liang)變(bian)化趨(qu)勢來看，分(fen)析(xi)由于(yu)污(wu)泥產(chan)品中(zhong)主要以氮(dan)(dan)(dan)磷(lin)含(han)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，鉀含(han)量(liang)(liang)較低(di)，同時小白菜(cai)屬于(yu)葉菜(cai)類(lei)蔬菜(cai)，其(qi)生長對氮(dan)(dan)(dan)素(su)(su)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)敏感，從(cong)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)素(su)(su)吸(xi)收規律來看，與(yu)楊麗標(biao)在污(wu)泥產(chan)品西(xi)芹試驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)結果一致(zhi)，隨著(zhu)(zhu)污(wu)泥施(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，西(xi)芹氮(dan)(dan)(dan)素(su)(su)吸(xi)收量(liang)(liang)遞增(zeng)，同時該研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)也得(de)出單施(shi)(shi)污(wu)泥條件下(xia)，氮(dan)(dan)(dan)磷(lin)礦(kuang)化速率最高為(wei)(wei)(wei)22.75%和(he)7.28%，且隨著(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)，單季礦(kuang)化率降低(di)。而(er)本研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)磷(lin)素(su)(su)吸(xi)收量(liang)(liang)未表現因污(wu)泥中(zhong)磷(lin)素(su)(su)投入量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)小白菜(cai)中(zhong)磷(lin)素(su)(su)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)趨(qu)勢，可(ke)能(neng)與(yu)其(qi)生長周期短(duan)，而(er)磷(lin)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)化速度(du)慢(man)，投入的(de)(de)磷(lin)素(su)(su)未能(neng)及時轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)植物吸(xi)收的(de)(de)形態。并且，楊桐(tong)桐(tong)在污(wu)泥產(chan)品施(shi)(shi)用(yong)對高羊茅的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)也表明，污(wu)泥產(chan)品施(shi)(shi)用(yong)有利(li)于(yu)高羊茅對氮(dan)(dan)(dan)磷(lin)鉀的(de)(de)吸(xi)收，但這種促進作(zuo)用(yong)在試驗(yan)初期較為(wei)(wei)(wei)緩慢(man)，后期顯現比(bi)較明顯。說明污(wu)泥產(chan)品與(yu)化肥產(chan)品有別(bie)，養分(fen)具(ju)有緩釋效(xiao)果，隨著(zhu)(zhu)養分(fen)逐漸轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)利(li)用(yong)態，推斷其(qi)肥效(xiao)的(de)(de)后勁更足。

從增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)角度來看，本(ben)研究表明(ming)兩(liang)種(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥產(chan)(chan)品(pin)在一(yi)(yi)定施(shi)(shi)肥量(liang)下，隨著施(shi)(shi)肥量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)高(gao)，產(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐漸增(zeng)(zeng)加，并且通過肥料利用率(lv)分析，也充分展現了污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)肥料可(ke)替代(dai)特(te)征，這與前人在污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥農(nong)學應用中得(de)出的(de)(de)(de)相關結論基本(ben)一(yi)(yi)致，許(xu)曉玲研究表明(ming)，連續三茬施(shi)(shi)用污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥堆肥能(neng)提高(gao)大豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)，最高(gao)增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)達到50.7%。楊麗(li)標研究表明(ming)，單施(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥堆肥即可(ke)滿足西芹(qin)正常生長需求，且比(bi)化(hua)肥更能(neng)提高(gao)作物(wu)(wu)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)，增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)幅度為12.6%~34%。但從增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)效果來看，生物(wu)(wu)碳(tan)土(tu)(tu)優(you)于(yu)有機(ji)營養(yang)土(tu)(tu)，推斷(duan)可(ke)能(neng)由于(yu)兩(liang)種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥處理工藝(yi)下，產(chan)(chan)品(pin)中養(yang)分形態數量(liang)差異(yi)，生物(wu)(wu)碳(tan)土(tu)(tu)在短期(qi)內(nei)能(neng)釋放(fang)更多養(yang)分，促進(jin)植物(wu)(wu)生長。但本(ben)試驗基于(yu)一(yi)(yi)次小白菜試驗，尚不(bu)能(neng)完全判定兩(liang)種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)適用性(xing)，后(hou)續研究還需要進(jin)行不(bu)同作物(wu)(wu)、不(bu)同時(shi)間尺度、與化(hua)肥產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)對比(bi)等進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步試驗。

3.2 污泥產品施用對土壤質量的影響

從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力改(gai)(gai)善(shan)的(de)(de)角度(du)來看，本研(yan)究表(biao)明(ming)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)、NH3-N、NO3-N、全(quan)(quan)磷(lin)、有(you)效磷(lin)、有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)效果尤為(wei)明(ming)顯(xian)，對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)起到(dao)積極效果。這與(yu)前人在農學試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)究的(de)(de)相(xiang)關結果一致，楊(yang)麗標研(yan)究表(biao)明(ming)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)較大幅度(du)提高(gao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)速(su)效氮(dan)、磷(lin)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，改(gai)(gai)善(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力。冀拯宇在連續(xu)(xu)3年(nian)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)無害(hai)化(hua)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)堆肥(fei)(fei)(fei)對(dui)沙質(zhi)(zhi)潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力的(de)(de)影響中表(biao)明(ming)，施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)達到(dao)國(guo)家標準的(de)(de)無害(hai)化(hua)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)堆肥(fei)(fei)(fei)，可(ke)(ke)在短(duan)期(qi)內提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，改(gai)(gai)善(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物特性。郭康莉連續(xu)(xu)4年(nian)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)長(chang)期(qi)定位試(shi)驗(yan)中表(biao)明(ming)，施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品處理(li)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)SOC、全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)綜合(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)力指數均顯(xian)著升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，連續(xu)(xu)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)45t/hm2（含水(shui)率33.1%）效果最(zui)為(wei)顯(xian)著。楊(yang)桐桐在污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品對(dui)沙荒(huang)地(di)改(gai)(gai)良(liang)研(yan)究中表(biao)明(ming)，污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)顯(xian)著提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)、全(quan)(quan)磷(lin)、全(quan)(quan)鉀和(he)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)，其中有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)增長(chang)最(zui)為(wei)顯(xian)著。朱琳瑩在污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品鹽(yan)堿地(di)研(yan)究中表(biao)明(ming)，污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產(chan)品施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)(ke)降低鹽(yan)堿土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)pH和(he)總鹽(yan)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，提高(gao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)養分及酶(mei)活(huo)，增加土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)碳和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)氮(dan)。

同(tong)時在試驗過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，也發現施(shi)(shi)肥后(hou)土壤(rang)中(zhong)全(quan)鹽量增加(jia)、硝態氮增加(jia)的(de)(de)現象，這是由于污(wu)(wu)水和污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)處理過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，藥劑的(de)(de)增加(jia)導致(zhi)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)可溶性鹽份含量會(hui)高(gao)于常規土壤(rang)中(zhong)鹽含量，而(er)鹽分(fen)過(guo)高(gao)會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)細胞失水，進而(er)影(ying)(ying)響地上植物(wu)生(sheng)長，雖然在本試驗中(zhong)未出現影(ying)(ying)響植物(wu)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)現象，但不排除長期施(shi)(shi)用出現鹽分(fen)累(lei)積，仍需進一步(bu)持續研(yan)究。同(tong)時，污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)產品(pin)中(zhong)養分(fen)的(de)(de)釋放，產生(sheng)硝態氮也會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響面源水體和植物(wu)中(zhong)硝酸(suan)鹽的(de)(de)含量，進而(er)可能(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)水體污(wu)(wu)染和食品(pin)安全(quan)問題。因此(ci)，污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)產品(pin)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)用量、施(shi)(shi)用年限等科學(xue)施(shi)(shi)用方(fang)法(fa)，在土地利用過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)也至關(guan)重要。

3.3 污泥產品施用對植物食品安全和土壤環境的影響

污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)直是(shi)社(she)會關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)，關(guan)鍵問題是(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)否影響食品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安全(quan)和(he)(he)(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境(jing)(jing)安全(quan)。而(er)本(ben)(ben)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同施(shi)肥梯度(du)對(dui)(dui)小白菜(cai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吸收(shou)和(he)(he)(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)累積(ji)影響很小，大(da)多(duo)數沒有(you)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)變化。從研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)結(jie)果(guo)來看，與前人在(zai)(zai)(zai)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)(he)植株中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)累積(ji)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，且(qie)(qie)隨(sui)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)增加(jia)(jia)而(er)增加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)論不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)致，但(dan)也(ye)(ye)有(you)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)雖然連續施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)后部分重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出現一(yi)(yi)定(ding)累積(ji)，但(dan)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)(he)植物籽粒均符合(he)國(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準限值(zhi)(zhi)。從原因(yin)來看，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同試(shi)(shi)驗選(xuan)擇不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，試(shi)(shi)驗材料質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)。而(er)本(ben)(ben)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)選(xuan)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)2020年(nian)北(bei)京城市生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，隨(sui)著(zhu)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)變遷(qian)和(he)(he)(he)城市管網的(de)(de)(de)(de)優化，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)質量(liang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)逐(zhu)步提升(sheng)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)變好(hao)，并且(qie)(qie)隨(sui)著(zhu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷優化，據(ju)北(bei)京污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)檢測統計，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)呈(cheng)逐(zhu)年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)趨勢，當前重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)(han)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)能(neng)達到且(qie)(qie)優于國(guo)(guo)家相關(guan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準限值(zhi)(zhi)。同時(shi)(shi)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)態(tai)也(ye)(ye)會影響植物對(dui)(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收(shou)，眾所(suo)周知，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以離子(zi)態(tai)形(xing)式(shi)被(bei)植物吸收(shou)，說明(ming)本(ben)(ben)試(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)效(xiao)態(tai)比例低(di)(di)，而(er)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以殘(can)(can)渣態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)植物基本(ben)(ben)無(wu)效(xiao)。從當前主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)無(wu)害化、穩定(ding)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)來看，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)肥處(chu)(chu)理(li)、熱水(shui)(shui)解+厭(yan)氧消化處(chu)(chu)理(li)等工(gong)藝(yi)均能(neng)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)交換(huan)態(tai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)(han)量(liang)，張含(han)(han)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)高級厭(yan)氧消化有(you)利于污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其(qi)它形(xing)態(tai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)逐(zhu)漸向殘(can)(can)渣態(tai)轉化，從而(er)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)其(qi)遷(qian)移性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)風險。孫雪(xue)萍研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)經熱水(shui)(shui)解處(chu)(chu)理(li)后，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以殘(can)(can)渣態(tai)形(xing)式(shi)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)遷(qian)移性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)大(da)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)。馮春(chun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)堆(dui)肥后重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)態(tai)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)堆(dui)肥過程(cheng)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)交換(huan)態(tai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)(han)量(liang)，具有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈍(dun)化作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。王社(she)平在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)堆(dui)肥后重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)態(tai)變化研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)堆(dui)肥處(chu)(chu)理(li)能(neng)達到重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)鈍(dun)化目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，減少(shao)生(sheng)(sheng)物毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。高定(ding)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)堆(dui)肥處(chu)(chu)理(li)可(ke)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，是(shi)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)地(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑。當然，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間尺(chi)度(du)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)影響試(shi)(shi)驗結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素，Muchuweti在(zai)(zai)(zai)連續多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)定(ding)位試(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)累積(ji)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，玉米中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn富集較為嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。翟麗梅在(zai)(zai)(zai)5年(nian)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)(dui)作物和(he)(he)(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)明(ming)隨(sui)著(zhu)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年(nian)限增加(jia)(jia)汞(gong)累積(ji)量(liang)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)增加(jia)(jia)，且(qie)(qie)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)層，當污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Hg含(han)(han)量(liang)低(di)(di)于污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物控制標(biao)準限值(zhi)(zhi)（GB 18918-2002）時(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)低(di)(di)于2400t/(hm2·年(nian))條件下(xia),連續5年(nian)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)并未對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)和(he)(he)(he)玉米地(di)(di)上(shang)部Hg含(han)(han)量(liang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)影響。因(yin)此(ci)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)雙刃劍，既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)完全(quan)肯定(ding)其(qi)安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)忽視其(qi)風險性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)看待其(qi)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)計量(liang)，充分信任當前污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)處(chu)(chu)理(li)技術發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)政府在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)治理(li)工(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)體管控的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)安全(quan)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷提升(sheng)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)土(tu)地(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)應(ying)得(de)到科學推廣。

04 結論

（1）有(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)和(he)生物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)均(jun)能提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)小白(bai)菜的(de)養(yang)分吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)，表(biao)現為施肥量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)，全氮(dan)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)量(liang)越(yue)高(gao)，有(you)機營養(yang)土(tu)、生物(wu)(wu)碳土(tu)的(de)T3處理(li)較CK分別提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)23.7%、14.2%。不(bu)同污(wu)泥(ni)產品的(de)不(bu)同施肥梯度對小白(bai)菜重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)的(de)影(ying)響很小，從變化趨(qu)(qu)勢來(lai)看，雖然變化趨(qu)(qu)勢不(bu)一致，但(dan)大(da)多數重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)呈現施用污(wu)泥(ni)產品后重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)降(jiang)低的(de)趨(qu)(qu)勢，未(wei)表(biao)現出(chu)明(ming)顯的(de)植物(wu)(wu)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)富集特征，均(jun)滿(man)足《食(shi)品安全國家標準(zhun) 食(shi)品中污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)限量(liang)》（GB-2762-2017）中重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)限值(zhi)標準(zhun)。

（2）有機(ji)營養(yang)和(he)生(sheng)物碳土對小白菜的生(sheng)長(chang)具有顯著(zhu)促進作用(yong)(yong)。在0~27 t/hm2施肥(fei)量范圍內(nei)，小白菜產(chan)量隨著(zhu)施肥(fei)梯(ti)度增加而不(bu)斷增高，肥(fei)料貢獻率不(bu)斷升高，同施肥(fei)梯(ti)度下，生(sheng)物碳土的增產(chan)效(xiao)果優(you)于有機(ji)營養(yang)土，兩種產(chan)品最(zui)佳施用(yong)(yong)量均在18~27 t/hm2，可維持較高的肥(fei)料利用(yong)(yong)率。

（3）有機(ji)營養土(tu)和(he)生物(wu)碳土(tu)對土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全(quan)(quan)氮、NH3-N、NO3-N、全(quan)(quan)磷(lin)、有效磷(lin)、有機(ji)質的(de)提(ti)升效果(guo)尤為明顯，均能對土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質量的(de)改善起到積極效果(guo)。從土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境影響來(lai)看，在(zai)本試驗施(shi)肥(fei)梯度(du)下，除全(quan)(quan)鎘和(he)全(quan)(quan)鉻(ge)，其它重金屬指標(biao)均在(zai)各施(shi)肥(fei)處理土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中無(wu)顯著差(cha)異，未出現土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)重金屬明顯累積趨勢，滿足《土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境質量農(nong)用地土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染風險管控標(biao)準(zhun)》（試行）(GB 15618-2018)要求(qiu)，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境良好(hao)。

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