【谷騰環保網訊】摘(zhai)要：針對(dui)城市污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)收集(ji)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸與處理過程(cheng)中存在高致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)性病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)通過氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)途徑傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，總結(jie)分析了(le)(le)建筑排水(shui)(shui)、市政污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)網、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理廠全(quan)流程(cheng)的微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)特點及其潛在病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。從(cong)氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)排放濃度水(shui)(shui)平、病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)及其傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)過程(cheng)等(deng)方面，解析了(le)(le)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)全(quan)過程(cheng)的微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)特征及其傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)情況(kuang)。提出了(le)(le)針對(dui)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)安(an)全(quan)防控(kong)的策(ce)略，可為污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)認識與安(an)全(quan)防控(kong)提供支持。

排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)涵蓋建筑(zhu)(zhu)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)（馬桶等(deng)(deng)(deng)受(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)器具、建筑(zhu)(zhu)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管道和(he)化(hua)糞池(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)附屬排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)構筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)）、市政(zheng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管網(wang)（雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管網(wang)）、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理廠等(deng)(deng)(deng)單元，其中污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收集、輸送(song)及(ji)處理過(guo)程承擔衛生防疫、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)凈(jing)化(hua)及(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與物(wu)質資源(yuan)循環利(li)用(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)功能(neng)。新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情(qing)暴(bao)發，排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)成(cheng)為備受(shou)關注的(de)(de)病毒(du)(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)潛在風險點，而COVID-19傳(chuan)播(bo)感染(ran)途(tu)徑主(zhu)要為飛沫和(he)接觸(chu)傳(chuan)播(bo)，因(yin)此排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)氣(qi)溶膠產生及(ji)潛在病毒(du)(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)風險途(tu)徑的(de)(de)防控(kong)成(cheng)為關切(qie)的(de)(de)要點。

01 排水系統微生物氣溶膠的產生特征

氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)是指固(gu)體或(huo)液體微(wei)(wei)粒(li)(li)(li)穩定地(di)懸浮于氣(qi)(qi)體介質中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)散(san)體系(xi)，微(wei)(wei)粒(li)(li)(li)粒(li)(li)(li)徑為(wei)0.01～10µm。當(dang)微(wei)(wei)粒(li)(li)(li)含(han)有細菌、真菌、病(bing)(bing)毒等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)時稱之為(wei)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)。由于微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)可能含(han)有病(bing)(bing)原微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)，因此對人類(lei)健康存在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定風(feng)險。排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統具有開放性(xing)和運行復雜等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)特(te)征(zheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)系(xi)統運行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)病(bing)(bing)毒隨氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)險，比(bi)如確診(zhen)患者(zhe)、疑似病(bing)(bing)例的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)便排(pai)泄物(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)排(pai)泄和輸送(song)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)可能會促進病(bing)(bing)原微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)擴散(san)和傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)。建筑(zhu)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)馬(ma)桶沖水(shui)(shui)(shui)和排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)跌水(shui)(shui)(shui)、市政污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)道檢(jian)查井跌水(shui)(shui)(shui)、溢(yi)流(liu)口污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溢(yi)流(liu)、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)站提升等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)有產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)險。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠的(de)(de)(de)預處(chu)理單元(yuan)、曝氣(qi)(qi)區域、剩余污(wu)泥脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)環節(jie)均(jun)會因水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)擾(rao)動或(huo)曝氣(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)作用，促進氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)原微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)向(xiang)空氣(qi)(qi)擴散(san)的(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)可能。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠出水(shui)(shui)(shui)經過(guo)(guo)深(shen)度處(chu)理和消毒后，雖然也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)跌水(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)情況，但因出水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)原微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)含(han)量相對較低(di)，能夠引發病(bing)(bing)原微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)向(xiang)空氣(qi)(qi)擴散(san)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險則(ze)相對降低(di)。排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統這(zhe)些擾(rao)動過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)會導(dao)致(zhi)富含(han)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)(li)(li)進入空氣(qi)(qi)，形(xing)成微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)（見(jian)圖1）。

排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統中污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輸送(song)及(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)包(bao)含三相混合過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，導致病(bing)毒(du)有可(ke)能在(zai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、液(ye)、固三相中進(jin)行(xing)轉移擴散(san)。在(zai)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，病(bing)毒(du)的(de)主要(yao)來源(yuan)為(wei)糞便和(he)尿液(ye)等(deng)(deng)人體排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄物(wu)，主要(yao)類(lei)型是(shi)腸道類(lei)病(bing)毒(du)，如(ru)(ru)諾如(ru)(ru)病(bing)毒(du)、腺病(bing)毒(du)等(deng)(deng)無包(bao)膜病(bing)毒(du)，但相關(guan)的(de)研究(jiu)也(ye)表明(ming)，高傳(chuan)染性呼吸(xi)道病(bing)毒(du)也(ye)會(hui)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)糞便、尿液(ye)進(jin)入(ru)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統，如(ru)(ru)SARS-CoV和(he)SARS-CoV-2等(deng)(deng)冠狀病(bing)毒(du)。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收集、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)、污(wu)泥處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)都可(ke)能產生(sheng)(sheng)包(bao)含病(bing)毒(du)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統的(de)正常運行(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)無法避免氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠的(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)與釋放(fang)。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)頭排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)病(bing)毒(du)濃度(du)相對較(jiao)高，液(ye)相的(de)病(bing)毒(du)濃度(du)大多(duo)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)1010～1014GC/m3。排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠中微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濃度(du)一般為(wei)102～104CFU/m3，而進(jin)入(ru)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)后的(de)一級預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)（格柵(zha)間(jian)、曝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沉砂池(chi)、初沉池(chi)）、二(er)級生(sheng)(sheng)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)（主要(yao)是(shi)曝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)池(chi)、二(er)沉池(chi)和(he)污(wu)泥脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)間(jian)）以及(ji)再生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)用（如(ru)(ru)綠化噴灑）過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠，其中格柵(zha)間(jian)、曝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)池(chi)上方(fang)以及(ji)污(wu)泥脫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)間(jian)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠濃度(du)最(zui)高，濃度(du)數量(liang)級分(fen)別為(wei)103、104和(he)103～104CFU/m3。攜帶病(bing)毒(du)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠存在(zai)較(jiao)遠(yuan)距離傳(chuan)播(bo)擴散(san)的(de)可(ke)能，這也(ye)給排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠途徑的(de)病(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)擴散(san)的(de)阻控(kong)帶來了(le)挑戰(zhan)。

02 排水過程微生物氣溶膠產生及其特性

2.1 建筑排水過程

一般情(qing)況下，人類糞便或(huo)者尿(niao)(niao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)大量(liang)的(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)，在(zai)人體排泄物（尿(niao)(niao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)等）內(nei)檢出(chu)的(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)數量(liang)大多在(zai)1011～1014GC/m3的(de)濃度水平。比如(ru)，尿(niao)(niao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)包(bao)膜(mo)類SARS-CoV病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)含量(liang)約(yue)為(wei)1010GC/m3，非(fei)包(bao)膜(mo)多瘤病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)含量(liang)約(yue)為(wei)1011～1015GC/m3；糞便中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)包(bao)膜(mo)類SARS-CoV病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)檢出(chu)量(liang)約(yue)為(wei)1010GC/g，非(fei)包(bao)膜(mo)類如(ru)犬細(xi)小病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)約(yue)103～109GC/g。但也應注意(yi)到，并非(fei)糞便和尿(niao)(niao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)排出(chu)的(de)所有(you)(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)都具(ju)有(you)(you)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)性，而是傳染性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)患者的(de)尿(niao)(niao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)和糞便含有(you)(you)高致病(bing)(bing)(bing)風險病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)概率很大。

建筑排水過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微生(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)主要由污水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擾(rao)動產(chan)生(sheng)。目(mu)前已有(you)研究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)明，在如(ru)廁沖(chong)水時(shi)馬(ma)(ma)桶中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間(jian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旋會(hui)(hui)將大(da)量液(ye)滴或(huo)者氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)帶到空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，馬(ma)(ma)桶每(mei)次(ci)沖(chong)水可產(chan)生(sheng)105～107個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)顆粒，雖然(ran)有(you)報告提及液(ye)滴或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)會(hui)(hui)隨機附著攜帶不定量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)或(huo)包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)，然(ran)而試驗研究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)明，在馬(ma)(ma)桶沖(chong)水過程產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)未能檢(jian)測(ce)出（PFU檢(jian)測(ce)方法）試驗模擬投(tou)加（病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)液(ye)相(xiang)初始(shi)濃度為1013PFU/m3）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)（MS2）和包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)（Phi6）。含(han)致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)性病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)滴或(huo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)進入(ru)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)，較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)滴或(huo)者氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)快沉降，而較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)則(ze)會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)漂浮在空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，在相(xiang)對封(feng)閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衛生(sheng)間(jian)中(zhong)，人們更(geng)容易(yi)吸入(ru)或(huo)接觸到這類可能攜帶病(bing)(bing)(bing)原微生(sheng)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)。雖然(ran)新(xin)冠(guan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)感染患者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糞便及尿液(ye)均可能攜帶新(xin)型冠(guan)狀病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)，同時(shi)建筑排水設施產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)也成為被公眾懷疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)途徑，然(ran)而目(mu)前為止(zhi)依然(ran)沒有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)患者案例證據表(biao)(biao)明馬(ma)(ma)桶沖(chong)水過程產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)可直接導(dao)致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)感染，同處(chu)一室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)接觸依然(ran)是更(geng)高風(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)途徑。

建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)除了(le)(le)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)設備(bei)如壓力沖(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)馬桶外，排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)也會(hui)由(you)(you)于污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)入及跌落而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)較高濃(nong)度的(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)(guan)排(pai)(pai)放過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)會(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)垂直跌落或者(zhe)劇烈水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)擾動，由(you)(you)此(ci)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)含有病(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠，會(hui)隨水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)、通(tong)風管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)輸移。當(dang)室內排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)封(feng)因(yin)干涸而(er)被破壞或者(zhe)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)破損等情(qing)況發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時，都可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)播擴(kuo)散(san)。此(ci)外，排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)(guan)頂部通(tong)風帽等處也可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)成為(wei)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)擴(kuo)散(san)源。已有研(yan)究通(tong)過模擬建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過程(cheng)(cheng)，證(zheng)明在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同樓(lou)層(ceng)住戶排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)封(feng)被破壞條件(jian)下(xia)，馬桶沖(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)過程(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)攜帶(dai)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠能(neng)夠(gou)實現(xian)跨層(ceng)傳(chuan)播，這說明建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)若發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠泄漏(lou)，則會(hui)帶(dai)來病(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播風險。但到目前為(wei)止(zhi)，流(liu)(liu)行病(bing)(bing)學(xue)病(bing)(bing)例(li)分析還未(wei)有明確證(zheng)據證(zheng)明建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠傳(chuan)播途徑(jing)的(de)(de)感染案(an)例(li)。對建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠傳(chuan)播途徑(jing)引(yin)起(qi)懷疑(yi)和推(tui)測的(de)(de)較早(zao)案(an)例(li)均(jun)來自(zi)香港，第一個是2003年(nian)香港公寓大樓(lou)嚴重急(ji)性(xing)呼吸系統(tong)綜合征的(de)(de)大規模社區(qu)暴(bao)發事(shi)件(jian)，被廣泛(fan)推(tui)測為(wei)由(you)(you)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間或排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)(guan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)膠攜帶(dai)SARS-CoV病(bing)(bing)毒(du)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)擴(kuo)散(san)傳(chuan)播；第二個是2020年(nian)2月香港康(kang)美樓(lou)大廈出現(xian)同住大廈同一單元兩例(li)相隔10層(ceng)新冠病(bing)(bing)毒(du)感染者(zhe)，同樣(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)播途徑(jing)推(tui)測中(zhong)將(jiang)未(wei)完全密(mi)封(feng)的(de)(de)室內排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)作為(wei)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)途徑(jing)。廣州市疾病(bing)(bing)預防控制中(zhong)心(xin)也于2020年(nian)6月12日(ri)公布了(le)(le)某城中(zhong)村懷疑(yi)由(you)(you)于建筑(zhu)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)立管(guan)(guan)(guan)破裂(lie)導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)新冠病(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播案(an)例(li)。

2.2 市政排水管網污水輸送過程

市政(zheng)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道中(zhong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)變(bian)化與季節變(bian)化、區(qu)域分布(bu)、人群特(te)征均有(you)關聯性，一(yi)(yi)般取決于對(dui)應季節該地區(qu)或社區(qu)被感染(ran)(ran)患者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)數量及感染(ran)(ran)者(zhe)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)。人體(ti)排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)物(wu)經建(jian)筑排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統排(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)后(hou)，一(yi)(yi)般會被稀釋(shi)10～100 倍，因此建(jian)筑排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)單元排(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)109～1012GC/m3。基(ji)于感染(ran)(ran)性水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)檢測(ce)(ce)方法的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)以污水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)腸病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、腺(xian)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)和輪狀(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)感染(ran)(ran)性檢測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)為(wei)例(li)，其(qi)(qi)檢出(chu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)一(yi)(yi)般小于107感染(ran)(ran)單位/m3。糞(fen)便等人體(ti)排(pai)(pai)(pai)泄(xie)物(wu)攜(xie)帶病(bing)(bing)毒(du)經建(jian)筑排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統排(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)后(hou)，一(yi)(yi)般經過化糞(fen)池單元的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)解過程(cheng)，懸浮(fu)于污水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)可視為(wei)膠體(ti)特(te)征微粒(li)，多數病(bing)(bing)毒(du)尤其(qi)(qi)是冠狀(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)可吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)于其(qi)(qi)他懸浮(fu)膠體(ti)顆(ke)粒(li)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)。有(you)研究對(dui)比了非包(bao)膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)與包(bao)膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)在污水(shui)(shui)(shui)沉(chen)積物(wu)（污泥(ni)）和不同材(cai)質(zhi)管(guan)道表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)情(qing)況，結果(guo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)明較高比例(li)的(de)(de)(de)包(bao)膜(mo)與非包(bao)膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)保(bao)持在液相懸浮(fu)狀(zhuang)態（90%以上），在沉(chen)積物(wu)與管(guan)壁表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)比例(li)相對(dui)較低。這(zhe)說明污水(shui)(shui)(shui)在市政(zheng)管(guan)網(wang)輸送(song)過程(cheng)中(zhong)會保(bao)持較高的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)，加大了污水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網(wang)微生物(wu)氣(qi)溶膠產生的(de)(de)(de)健康風險(xian)威脅(xie)。

污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)輸送過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)情況主要取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)流態(tai)擾動程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)，正常運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)水(shui)面相(xiang)對(dui)平(ping)穩，一般硫化氫等(deng)臭(chou)味物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)擴散(san)(san)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)弱，而(er)在一些流態(tai)擾動劇烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)節(jie)(jie)點如檢(jian)(jian)查井跌水(shui)、溢流口污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)溢流、污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)泵站提升等(deng)管網(wang)(wang)節(jie)(jie)點位置，臭(chou)味物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散(san)(san)和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)(jun)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)顯著(zhu)。目前，針(zhen)對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)毒含量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究還(huan)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)少。有(you)研(yan)究者通(tong)過(guo)實驗室模(mo)擬了污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)匯水(shui)節(jie)(jie)點微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)速率，結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)表(biao)明(ming)，管網(wang)(wang)匯水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)速率為(wei)105個/min，而(er)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒濃(nong)(nong)度(du)是包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)200 倍（病(bing)(bing)毒液相(xiang)初始濃(nong)(nong)度(du)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)1013PFU/m3），其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)檢(jian)(jian)出濃(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)102PFU/m3，這(zhe)說明(ming)非包膜(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒更(geng)容(rong)易隨(sui)著(zhu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)(xing)擴散(san)(san)傳(chuan)播。進一步對(dui)比(bi)實際(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)內氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)出濃(nong)(nong)度(du)（最大值范圍約(yue)為(wei)102～104CFU/m3）情況，結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)同(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)明(ming)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類別病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)水(shui)平(ping)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大差(cha)異。這(zhe)表(biao)明(ming)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)毒等(deng)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構種類有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大關(guan)(guan)系，當然也(ye)與(yu)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)液相(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始濃(nong)(nong)度(du)水(shui)平(ping)有(you)關(guan)(guan)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗條件(jian)和(he)(he)檢(jian)(jian)測方法存在差(cha)異，現有(you)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)較(jiao)(jiao)難獲得確切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接對(dui)比(bi)關(guan)(guan)系。有(you)研(yan)究者采(cai)用模(mo)型對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)業務工作(zuo)人(ren)員吸入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在健康(kang)風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)(xing)了預測評估，評估結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)說明(ming)需要加強污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)管網(wang)(wang)日(ri)常業務人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)防護，以(yi)降低(di)吸入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。

03 污水處理過程微生物氣溶膠產生及其特性

3.1 微生物氣溶膠濃度及其影響因素

目(mu)前(qian)我國具有(you)排污許可證的污水(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)（站）超過(guo)1萬座(zuo)，處理(li)規模差異(yi)較(jiao)大（每(mei)天幾百(bai)噸至幾百(bai)萬噸）。采用(yong)相同污水(shui)處理(li)工藝的污水(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)規模越大，整體微生物氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)濃(nong)度越高(gao)。污水(shui)處理(li)廠(chang)(chang)（站）的微生物氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)濃(nong)度主要受以下三方面因素的影響：

① 污水處理系統的活性污泥濃度

污水(shui)(shui)處理廠各工藝段(duan)水(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物含(han)量(liang)以及微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)溶膠濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)總結如(ru)表1所(suo)示。格(ge)柵(zha)間主要實現進水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)顆粒雜物的(de)(de)(de)物理分離預處理，產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)溶膠的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物類型和(he)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)受進水(shui)(shui)特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)影響較(jiao)大(da)。下游生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化處理過程存在活性污泥曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)，且生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物含(han)量(liang)較(jiao)高，因此產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)溶膠濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)提升(sheng)約10倍。二沉池(chi)(chi)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物含(han)量(liang)相對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化池(chi)(chi)明(ming)顯減少，該(gai)區跌(die)水(shui)(shui)導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)溶膠濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)低到格(ge)柵(zha)間的(de)(de)(de)1/10。盡管如(ru)此，目前(qian)尚未有直接證據表明(ming)污泥中(zhong)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)溶膠產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)相關，因此還(huan)需要開(kai)展細致(zhi)深入的(de)(de)(de)觀測(ce)和(he)研(yan)究。

② 曝氣方式

污水處(chu)理系統的(de)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過程(cheng)（如氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浮(fu)、曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沉(chen)砂、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等）會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)（機械曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡）和曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)都(dou)會(hui)對微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)造成影響(xiang)。有研究(jiu)分析了6座(zuo)污水處(chu)理廠(chang)3種曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)（臥(wo)式(shi)滾筒、表面渦(wo)輪(lun)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡擴散）對微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)影響(xiang)，發現(xian)：臥(wo)式(shi)滾筒（103～104CFU/m3）>表面渦(wo)輪(lun)（102～103CFU/m3）>氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡擴散（小于102CFU/m3）。膜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物反(fan)應(ying)器（MBR）的(de)曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)高，產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)濃(nong)度(du)也會(hui)較(jiao)高。實驗室規(gui)模的(de)研究(jiu)顯示，MBR中微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)濃(nong)度(du)數量(liang)(liang)級為(wei)106CFU/m3［反(fan)應(ying)器體積為(wei)12 mL，曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)速率為(wei)6m3/（h·m2），HRT為(wei)6h，封閉檢測］。

③ 空間特性（開放、封閉）

表(biao)1顯(xian)示，相對封(feng)閉或空氣不流通環境中(zhong)的微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物氣溶膠濃度數(shu)量級(ji)整體高于開放(fang)空間（除生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)池(chi)外）。有報道表(biao)明，污泥脫水間氣相中(zhong)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物氣溶膠濃度（9282CFU/m3）顯(xian)著高于A2/O工(gong)藝曝氣池(chi)（1784CFU/m3）。

此外，相關研(yan)究也表明(ming)，季節(jie)因素也會(hui)影(ying)響污(wu)水處理廠微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)和空(kong)間(jian)分布。一般而言，夏季產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)(jiao)濃(nong)度（生(sheng)化池(chi)為4878CFU/m3）比冬季（生(sheng)化池(chi)為1869CFU/m3）高；在(zai)空(kong)間(jian)分布上，下風(feng)向的(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)(jiao)濃(nong)度遠高于上風(feng)向。

3.2 微生物氣溶膠中潛在致病微生物種類

污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)過程產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)中的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)種類較多（如細菌(jun)、真菌(jun)、病(bing)(bing)毒等(deng)）。Yang等(deng)對比A2/O和氧(yang)化溝，發現不(bu)同污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)工藝產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)群落結(jie)構(gou)存在顯著差異。研究已經發現微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)氣(qi)(qi)溶膠(jiao)(jiao)含有人(ren)類健康風險微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)，主要包括病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)菌(jun)、真菌(jun)和病(bing)(bing)毒等(deng)（見表2）。這些微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)可能(neng)通過呼吸道吸入、皮膚(fu)接觸和攝入而(er)感(gan)染(ran)人(ren)類（尤其是污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)廠工作人(ren)員），并引起各種疾病(bing)(bing)如上呼吸道感(gan)染(ran)、痢疾等(deng)。

從污水處理廠排放的(de)微生(sheng)物氣(qi)溶膠中分離出(chu)的(de)病原(yuan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)要有(you)：綠(lv)膿(nong)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、叢毛單胞菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、施氏假(jia)單胞菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、克雷伯氏菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、沙(sha)門氏菌(jun)(jun)(jun)等；腸桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、金黃色釀膿(nong)葡(pu)萄(tao)球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠(lv)膿(nong)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)可培養濃度數量級范圍約為10～103CFU/m3（采(cai)用安德森六級采(cai)樣器收集）。真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)類主(zhu)要是枝孢菌(jun)(jun)(jun)，群(qun)落(luo)結構分析中占比較高的(de)還(huan)有(you)假(jia)絲(si)酵(jiao)母(mu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)（念珠菌(jun)(jun)(jun)）、紅酵(jiao)母(mu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、青霉菌(jun)(jun)(jun)和(he)禾谷鐮(lian)孢菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。其中，假(jia)絲(si)酵(jiao)母(mu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)和(he)部(bu)分紅酵(jiao)母(mu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)具有(you)較高的(de)人類致病性。

以往的研究手段大多基于實驗室可培養微(wei)生(sheng)物檢測技(ji)術，很難檢測出病(bing)(bing)毒(du)的存在。隨著現(xian)代(dai)DNA分析(xi)技(ji)術的不斷(duan)提(ti)高，在微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶(rong)膠(jiao)中(zhong)發現(xian)了一些過去未關注過的病(bing)(bing)毒(du)，比(bi)如腺(xian)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、諾(nuo)如病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、輪狀病(bing)(bing)毒(du)等。盡管(guan)現(xian)有研究還沒有在污水廠微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶(rong)膠(jiao)中(zhong)發現(xian)SARS、MERS和(he)COVID-19等人類呼吸道致病(bing)(bing)和(he)傳染性病(bing)(bing)毒(du)，但并不代(dai)表特殊時(shi)期這類病(bing)(bing)毒(du)不會出現(xian)在污水處理廠微(wei)生(sheng)物氣溶(rong)膠(jiao)中(zhong)。這需要(yao)未來進一步的研究和(he)觀察。

04 風險分析及防控策略

4.1 風險分析

參照世界衛生組織（WHO）認可的定量(liang)微(wei)生物風險(xian)(xian)(xian)評估（QMRA）框(kuang)架，氣溶膠病(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播風險(xian)(xian)(xian)評估過(guo)程需(xu)要識別病(bing)毒(du)危(wei)害、暴露途徑、劑量(liang)-人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體反(fan)應關系(xi)和風險(xian)(xian)(xian)表征(zheng)。與(yu)普通人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群相比，污水管網(wang)及污水處理(li)系(xi)統(tong)的工作人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員具有更高(gao)(gao)的生物氣溶膠接(jie)觸風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。有研究發現(xian)，污水處理(li)廠工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具有甲(jia)型肝(gan)炎(yan)抗(kang)體的比例偏高(gao)(gao)，說明污水系(xi)統(tong)產(chan)生的氣溶膠可能(neng)會對工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)健(jian)康產(chan)生危(wei)害。

一般(ban)在封閉(bi)空(kong)間或者較近(jin)的(de)(de)傳播(bo)距離內，氣溶膠(jiao)不斷(duan)積(ji)累(lei)致使病(bing)原微生物(wu)(wu)處于(yu)相對較高的(de)(de)濃度(du)水平(ping)，若同時(shi)處于(yu)濕度(du)平(ping)衡狀態，細菌或病(bing)毒則能保持較長的(de)(de)存活(huo)時(shi)間，從而增(zeng)大密閉(bi)空(kong)間中暴露人群的(de)(de)傳播(bo)風險，因此(ci)需要重視(shi)密閉(bi)空(kong)間及其附近(jin)位(wei)點的(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)氣溶膠(jiao)產生的(de)(de)風險防(fang)控。

氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)攜帶病(bing)毒的長(chang)距離傳(chuan)播風(feng)險同樣(yang)需要受到關注，大(da)部分(fen)微生物氣(qi)溶膠(jiao)顆粒(li)(li)動(dong)力學直徑<4.7 μm，很有可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會隨(sui)風(feng)遷移幾百米或更遠距離，細小顆粒(li)(li)極易被吸入肺中(zhong)，給免疫力較低的工人和附近居民造(zao)成潛在(zai)健康威脅，也可(ke)能(neng)(neng)造(zao)成人體過敏反應。

SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV均(jun)為冠(guan)狀病(bing)(bing)毒(du)，兩(liang)者(zhe)在傳播(bo)風(feng)險方面包括(kuo)致病(bing)(bing)性(xing)、傳染(ran)性(xing)及傳染(ran)途徑等(deng)均(jun)較為相(xiang)似，近50%的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺炎患者(zhe)糞便及尿液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)可檢(jian)出新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)。在重點污(wu)水排(pai)放源(yuan)頭得到(dao)有效(xiao)消殺管控的(de)(de)前提下，一(yi)般污(wu)水管網(wang)(wang)和(he)污(wu)水處理廠的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)濃(nong)度水平會相(xiang)對(dui)較低，而污(wu)水環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)包膜(mo)(mo)(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)的(de)(de)可存活情況一(yi)般也(ye)低于非包膜(mo)(mo)(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)。已有研究表明，污(wu)水氣溶膠生(sheng)成過程中(zhong)(zhong)包膜(mo)(mo)(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)擴散(san)速率也(ye)低于非包膜(mo)(mo)(mo)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)，因此在含冠(guan)狀病(bing)(bing)毒(du)污(wu)水排(pai)放源(yuan)頭得到(dao)有效(xiao)管控的(de)(de)前提下，污(wu)水管網(wang)(wang)和(he)污(wu)水處理廠新(xin)(xin)冠(guan)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)微生(sheng)物氣溶膠的(de)(de)傳播(bo)暴露(lu)風(feng)險相(xiang)對(dui)較低。

截至(zhi)目(mu)前，尚未(wei)(wei)有(you)明確(que)(que)通過污(wu)水(shui)系統(tong)內污(wu)水(shui)-生物氣溶(rong)膠傳播途徑的(de)(de)新冠(guan)患者確(que)(que)診病(bing)例的(de)(de)流行病(bing)學報道。但是，目(mu)前對污(wu)水(shui)中冠(guan)狀病(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)實(shi)際存(cun)(cun)活(huo)(huo)能力(li)和可感(gan)染活(huo)(huo)性均還未(wei)(wei)知，污(wu)水(shui)產(chan)生的(de)(de)微生物氣溶(rong)膠中的(de)(de)新冠(guan)病(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)實(shi)際濃(nong)度水(shui)平(ping)和可感(gan)染活(huo)(huo)性情(qing)況(kuang)也尚未(wei)(wei)有(you)報道。鑒于冠(guan)狀病(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)依然(ran)在污(wu)水(shui)環(huan)境中難于實(shi)現(xian)分(fen)離、回收和檢測(ce)，已有(you)的(de)(de)少量可參照研究結果還存(cun)(cun)在一定(ding)不(bu)確(que)(que)定(ding)性，因此，在污(wu)水(shui)排放和處(chu)理過程(cheng)中依然(ran)存(cun)(cun)在新冠(guan)病(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)隨(sui)氣溶(rong)膠產(chan)生過程(cheng)進行傳播的(de)(de)可能，需要十分(fen)重(zhong)視污(wu)水(shui)系統(tong)微生物氣溶(rong)膠產(chan)生與傳播過程(cheng)的(de)(de)新冠(guan)病(bing)毒(du)(du)(du)風險(xian)防控(kong)。

4.2 風險防控策略建議

針對污水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統微(wei)生物氣溶膠(jiao)產生過(guo)程(cheng)的高風險(xian)病原微(wei)生物傳播風險(xian)防(fang)控(kong)，需要根據(ju)不同類別病原微(wei)生物的致病風險(xian)和(he)傳播途徑采取科學(xue)舉措和(he)精(jing)準施控(kong)，在充分保障污水(shui)(shui)系(xi)統穩定運行和(he)從業(ye)人員安(an)全防(fang)護(hu)的前提下，做(zuo)到適度安(an)全防(fang)控(kong)。

① 加(jia)強含有高(gao)風險病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)物(wu)污水排(pai)放(fang)(fang)源頭的(de)(de)消殺管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)，最大(da)限度地降低污水排(pai)放(fang)(fang)源頭的(de)(de)高(gao)風險病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)微生(sheng)物(wu)傳播風險。傳染病(bing)(bing)患者集中診療隔(ge)離場(chang)(chang)所(suo)需強化排(pai)水消毒(du)(du)，病(bing)(bing)例多發小區等(deng)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)也需在(zai)高(gao)發時(shi)(shi)段內針對排(pai)放(fang)(fang)污水采取臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)強化消毒(du)(du)措施；新發病(bing)(bing)例或疑似病(bing)(bing)例所(suo)住(zhu)樓房排(pai)水立管(guan)(guan)(guan)，應在(zai)發現病(bing)(bing)例后的(de)(de)第一(yi)時(shi)(shi)間進行消毒(du)(du)處理；居(ju)家隔(ge)離疑似患者規范使用沖水馬(ma)桶，封蓋沖水過(guo)程可在(zai)馬(ma)桶內投(tou)入(ru)適量消毒(du)(du)液(ye)或消毒(du)(du)氯(lv)片；疫情期(qi)間居(ju)民住(zhu)戶每日檢(jian)查(cha)室內受水器具排(pai)水口、地漏等(deng)的(de)(de)水封狀況(kuang)，小區物(wu)業定期(qi)檢(jian)查(cha)建筑室外排(pai)水、通氣(qi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)密封狀況(kuang)，及時(shi)(shi)修復破損。

② 保(bao)障污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統安(an)(an)(an)(an)全穩(wen)定(ding)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，降低運(yun)行(xing)(xing)過程微生(sheng)(sheng)物氣溶膠的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網(wang)保(bao)持(chi)相對較(jiao)低的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全水(shui)(shui)(shui)位運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，確保(bao)居(ju)住小區(qu)、醫院等重點(dian)(dian)防控(kong)區(qu)域排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)通暢、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管不(bu)冒溢，確保(bao)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網(wang)溢流口(kou)不(bu)發生(sheng)(sheng)溢流事件(jian)；污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵站(zhan)保(bao)持(chi)平穩(wen)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，泵站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)在安(an)(an)(an)(an)全液位和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量波動區(qu)間；污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網(wang)明顯(xian)惡臭逸散點(dian)(dian)可(ke)及時(shi)進行(xing)(xing)窨井蓋通氣孔臨時(shi)封蓋，污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵站(zhan)、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠內(nei)已具備除臭系統的(de)(de)應完善臭氣處(chu)(chu)理(li)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)系統，確保(bao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)臭氣經抽(chou)吸(xi)及多級(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后(hou)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全排(pai)放；有條件(jian)的(de)(de)醫院污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設施宜采用全密閉(bi)（微負壓）運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，設置必要的(de)(de)氣溶膠消毒過程。

③ 加強污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)系(xi)統從業(ye)人員的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防護，嚴格管理(li)排水(shui)泵站(zhan)密閉(bi)空(kong)間，加強面向公(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)宣傳警示(shi)。禁止(zhi)非工作人員、無防護措施的(de)(de)(de)工作人員接近(jin)密閉(bi)空(kong)間；在污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)泵站(zhan)和(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)廠內(nei)所(suo)有可(ke)能接觸(chu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)、柵(zha)渣及其廢(fei)液、沉砂池的(de)(de)(de)排砂、污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)脫水(shui)機(ji)房(fang)、污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)堆放等微生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)暴露(lu)風險(xian)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)區域或(huo)場所(suo)，應加強日常清掃和(he)消(xiao)殺；污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)系(xi)統從業(ye)人員日常業(ye)務行為應加強安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防護，避免直接接觸(chu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)或(huo)吸入微生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)；在管網污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)溢(yi)流口等微生(sheng)物氣溶膠(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)風險(xian)點做好(hao)面向公(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)宣傳與警示(shi)。

05 結論與建議

在(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管網(wang)和(he)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理設(she)施的(de)運行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，存在(zai)多個微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)和(he)擴(kuo)散(san)的(de)場(chang)景。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)受到污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)流態擾動條件、病(bing)原微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)病(bing)原微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)濃度水(shui)(shui)平等(deng)因素(su)的(de)綜合影響。針對污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)系統微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)風(feng)險防控，需(xu)要根據不同(tong)類(lei)別(bie)病(bing)原微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)致(zhi)病(bing)風(feng)險和(he)傳播途徑采(cai)取科學(xue)舉措(cuo)和(he)精準施控。未(wei)來需(xu)要針對污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)系統全流程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)產(chan)生(sheng)與擴(kuo)散(san)速率(lv)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)載體攜帶(dai)病(bing)毒的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)和(he)濃度、新型冠狀病(bing)毒等(deng)高危(wei)病(bing)原微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠(jiao)中的(de)賦存狀態及其(qi)可感染活性(xing)等(deng)方面開(kai)展深入研究工作(zuo)。

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